The vernal equinox is nearly here! March 20 (next Wednesday). What delight most of us feel as dark and light dance once more into balance. And green growth springs forth.
vernal (adj.) "pertaining to spring," 1530s, from Late Latin vernalis "of the spring," from vernus "of spring," from Latin ver "the spring, spring-time"
So let's get in a springish mood?
"Spring, the Sweet Spring"
Words by Shakespeare's contemporary Thomas Nashe (1567-about 1601), setting by Latvian (now English-based) composer Ēriks Ešenvalds (1977-), unusual performance by all-soprano Swedish choral group Carolinae Röster.
4:39
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king,
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
The palm and may make country houses gay,
Lambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day,
And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay:
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet,
Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit,
In every street these tunes our ears do greet:
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to witta-woo!
Spring, the sweet spring!
verdant (adj.) late 14c., "fresh green color," from Old French verdure "greenness, greenery, green fields, herbs," from verd, variant of vert "green" (12c.), from Latin viridis "green" (source of Spanish, Italian verde)....of uncertain etymology..…
☆'Occult and Psychical Sciences' on DK☆
is a fun spooky group here on DK.
We enjoy sharing stories about the spooky and scary, personal anecdotes, and general paranormal, philosophical, metaphysical, arcane, mysterious, esoteric, and existential information, and conversation about the unexplained in the world and universe. Any and all religion also is welcome here in this space.
This group's aim is polite philosophical debate. Can also be about folklore, history, art, literature, fantasy, sci fi, or scientific developments.
The group is named after "Complete illustrated Book of the Psychic Sciences" (1966), an influential childhood favorite of Angmar's. Its author, Walter Brown Gibson (1897–1985) was an American writer and professional magician, best known for his work on the pulp fiction character The Shadow.
Having explained the origin of the title, please refrain from coming in here to complain that ghost stories, occult or metaphysical or other speculations aren't science. We know! Please enjoy for what it is. ;-)
People are welcome to share their own personal spooky experiences, speculations, philosophy, and similar influences. Please contact Angmar in kmail if you wish to join us! Open thread!
🐣🌱🐤🍀🕊🌾🌱🍀🌼🐰
Note: In another life, I could have been a happy folklorist. So this story is, yes, self-indulgently lengthy.
Seasoned with art, and several more songs. Nothing to distress.
Relax and (I hope) de-stress.
If you have knowledge or ideas, bring them, please!
--Clio2
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Now that we're all tuned up (I hope)?
The well-known spring carol, with its odd mix of Christian, pagan and unexplained references:
Green Grow the Rushes-O
🌾🍀🌱🕊🌿🌾🌱☘🌼🌿🌿🌼🕊🌾
Performed by quartet Nowell Sing We Clear, in rousing, traditional north-country style. They use the exact lyrics that fascinated me as a child, in our family's Fireside Book of Folk Songs (1947).
(In spite of the group's title and the album cover, carols aren't limited to midwinter! Stay at-tuned.…)
The accumulated lyrics, 12th and final verse:
I'll sing you twelve-o
Green grow the rushes-o
What are your twelve-o?
Twelve for the twelve apostles
Eleven for the eleven who went to heaven,
And ten for the ten commandments,
Nine for the nine bright shiners,
And eight for the April rainers.
Seven for the seven stars in the sky,
And six for the six proud walkers.
Five for the symbols at your door,
And four for the gospel makers.
Three, three, the rivals,
Two, two, the lily-white boys,
Clothed all in green-o.
One is one and all alone
And evermore shall be so.
Weird collection of Christian references and who-knows what, aren't they? (Even without getting into alternate versions.)
We'll circle back to possible symbolic meanings. First, what can we say about its place in history?
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The Oxford Book of Carols -- which I also grew up with -- contains many traditional songs that were composed for other festivals than Christmas. (And some others as odd as this one.) But what makes a song a carol?
Wikipedia: A carol is a festive song, generally religious but not necessarily connected with Christian church worship, and sometimes accompanied by a dance. --Wikipedia
"Maids dance in a ring..."
Etymonline: carol (n.), c. 1300, "joyful song," also a kind of dance in a ring, from Old French carole "kind of dance in a ring, round dance accompanied by singers".…
The medieval dance style called a "carole" was a circle or line dance. Not much documentation remains, but one known form was called a "branle."
Example of a historical branle, performed by dancers based in Vilnius, Lithuania:
2:17 ("Ecosse" btw is French for "Scotland.")
So a "carol" might be a song-and-dance, or just a song.
And "Green Grow the Rushes" is a sort of song-and-game: a cumulative song.
Other well-known cumulative carols include "The Twelve Days of Christmas" (of course) and the American gospel classic, "Children, Go Where I Send Thee."
The Fairfield Four is a gospel group that has existed continuously for more than a century -- formed in 1921 at the Fairfield Baptist Church, Nashville, Tenn.
4:35
This traditional spiritual was first documented and recorded in 1934 but surely is older. Lyrics vary somewhat; here's the last verse as sung above.
Children, go where I send thee!
Where will you send me?
I'm gonna send thee twelve by twelve
Twelve, twelve disciples
Eleven, gospel writers
Ten, the ten commandments
Nine, nine dressed so fine
Eight, the eight that stood at the gate
Seven, the seven came down from heaven
Six for the six that couldn't get fixed
Five for the gospel preachers
Four for the four that stood at the door
Three Hebrew children
Two for Paul and Silas
One for the little bitty baby
Born by the Virgin Mary,
Wrapped in swaddling clothes and
Laid down in the manger,
Born, born, born in Bethlehem.
The ultimate origin of cumulative songs is unknown (along with cumulative verses such as The House That Jack Built), but the first known documented example seems to be a Jewish teaching song.
Wikipedia:
Echad Mi Yodea (Hebrew: אחד מי יודע?, lit. 'One, Who Knows?') is a traditional cumulative song sung on Passover and found in the haggadah [text setting forth the sequence of the Passover seder]. It enumerates common Jewish motifs and teachings. It is meant to be fun and humorous, while still imparting important lessons to the children present.
Recitation varies from family to family. The song has versions in Hebrew, Yiddish, Arabic, and many other vernacular languages....
According to the Encyclopedia Judaica, this song is first found in Ashkenazi Haggedot [plural of Haggadah] of the 16th century (1500s).
Uniquely, the cumulation of Echad Mi Yodea goes all the way to 13.
This video version, in Yiddish, provides the lyrics in Yiddish and English. (Btw, tempo picks up after the first verse, so if you listen, it doesn't seem too long.)
The Yiddish Philharmonic Chorus, founded in 1923, is based in New York City. Its original members included many garment workers.
7:17
"Echod mi yodea" has been compared with a specifically Christian cumulative song, also German, "Guter Freund, Ich frage Dich (Good Friend, I Ask You)."
"Guter Freund" was published with several tunes, first so far as known in 1820, and had an alternate title, "Twelve Numbers." I wasn't able to find a video, but here are the lyrics (in German).
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And what about the specific history of "Green Grow the Rushes?" Sparse.
According to Wikipedia:
By 1868 several variant and somewhat garbled versions were being sung by street children as Christmas carols. [Collector and folklorist Cecil] Sharp [writing in the early 1900s] states that the song was very common in Somerset and the whole of the West of England.…
Not all collected versions included the chorus about the rushes, but reportedly, it was sung with that chorus at the nation's most elite boys' boarding school, Eton.
Decoding the symbols?
To sum up: Our song's relatives, "Echod mi Yodea" and "Guter Freund," as religious teaching songs, make logical sense throughout.
"Go Where I Send Thee" is similar in spirit though less exacting, as it evokes various categories of saints and sinners.
(And of course "The Twelve Days of Christmas" in contrast is just for fun: seasonal but without any reference to religion.)
In contrast, the imagery of "Green Grow the Rushes" has always been found confusing and controversial.
The stanzas are clearly much corrupted and often obscure, but the references are generally agreed to be both Biblical and astronomical.
--Wikipedia
Wikipedia goes on to relate various interpretations of the more puzzling stanzas. I won't duplicate the list of suggestions here -- they are all at the link.
What follows are my own preferred ideas, at least one of them (I think) unique, and if they instigate discussion, that's just what they are meant to do!
So instead of going in numerical order, let's start with the most obvious and work towards the more obscure.
Several stanzas are familiar religious references:
Four for the gospel makers
Twelve for the twelve apostles
Easy peasy.
Ten for the ten commandments
More ambiguous:
Eleven for the eleven that went to heaven
...has been conjectured to mean the original twelve apostles, minus the traitor Judas. It works.
And of course
One is one and all alone and ever more shall be so
veneration (n.) early 15c., from Old French veneracion, from Latin venerationem (nominative veneratio) "reverence, profoundest respect," noun of action from past participle stem of venerari "to worship, revere," from venus (genitive veneris) "beauty, love, desire".…
🙏
A favorite resonance btw:
[Christian Neoplatonist philosopher] Plotinus [200s A.D.] taught that there is a supreme, totally transcendent "One", containing no division, multiplicity, nor distinction; likewise, it is beyond all categories of being and non-being. The concept of "being" is derived by us from the objects of human experience and is an attribute of such objects, but the infinite, transcendent One is beyond all such objects and, therefore, is beyond the concepts which we can derive from them. The One "cannot be any existing thing" and cannot be merely the sum of all such things...but "is prior to all existents".
--Wikipedia
And,
that's five of the twelve stanzas.
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Now for something a bit more challenging: the astronomicals
⭐⭐⭐⭐🌦⭐⭐⭐⭐
Eight for the April rainers
There's actually a clear reference in this: a star cluster known since ancient Greek times as the Hyades.
The Greeks believed that the helical rising [earliest appearance during the fall] and setting [disappearance, in the spring] of the Hyades star cluster were always attended with rain....The Hyades were daughters of Atlas....and sisters of Hyas in most tellings....Their number varies from three in the earliest sources to fifteen in the late ones.
The story about the Hyades is that after their brother Hyas was killed in a hunting accident, his weeping sisters were turned into stars whose tears fall as rain.
From the perspective of observers on Earth, the Hyades Cluster appears in the constellation of Taurus, where its brightest stars form a "V" shape along with the still-brighter Aldebaran.
We still say (or did in the quaint and far-off times when I was a child, studying raindrops as they slide down the window pane), "April showers bring May flowers."
As a winter constellation, Taurus appears each fall and slips beneath the horizon each spring, bringing the Hyades with it. This is why, in England, the formation was once popularly known as the “April Rainers” to explain the “April showers” common for that time of year.
--The Farmers' Almanac
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Seven for the seven stars in the sky
The most obvious identification is the Pleiades, a tight cluster of stars also called the Seven Sisters. The Pleiades are not far from the Hyades.
There are thousands of stars in this cluster. It's commonly said that most people can only see six, but someone with very sharp sight can detect a seventh. (The truth may be a little more complicated.)
The story about these stars being seven sisters cuts across continents and may be 100,000 years old. They are always escaping a male attacker.
The seventh sister is hiding, or very young, or for some other reason is difficult or impossible to see.
In Greek mythology the Pleiades are -- like the Hyades -- daughters of Atlas, and are fleeing the hunter, Orion.
Six for the six proud walkers
This one is my conjecture, though not entirely original:
Most stars are "fixed," that is, they stay in the same places relative to each other. But there were six bright objects that, in old times, people could watch in the night sky that followed individual paths through the field of stars:
the moon, plus the five planets that were known in ancient and medieval times
planet (n.) late Old English planete, in old astronomy, "star other than a fixed star; star revolving in an orbit," from Old French planete (Modern French planète) and directly from Late Latin planeta, from Greek planētēs, from (asteres) planētai "wandering (stars)," from planasthai "to wander," a word of uncertain etymology.
(The sixth planet, Uranus, was first discovered in 1781, Neptune in 1846, and poor dethroned Pluto in 1930. So, alternatively if the song was composed in the late 1700s, or first half the 1800s -- it's possible that the six "proud walkers" are simply the six planets known at that time.)
Now it gets more difficult.
Two, two the lily-white boys, clothed all in green-o
A pair of boys, in the context of astronomy or mythology, immediately suggests Castor and Pollux (or in Greek, Polydeukes), a traditional constellation also called Gemini, the Twins, or the Dioscouroi (Zeus' boys). Gemini that is at its highest in the sky just about now. (This constellation becomes visible in winter and disappears in June.)
There are many stories about Divine Twins in many cultures.
Castor and Pollux were born to Leda, queen of Sparta. There are multiple and contradictory stories about them. They are the sons of Zeus-in-the-form-of-a-swan. No, only one, the other twin was the son of Leda's mortal husband; one twin was mortal, the other immortal.
They hatched out of an egg. No, there were two eggs, the other producing two girls.
They rescued their sister Helen (later of Troy) from a prior kidnaping, before that whole started-the-Trojan-war episode. They sailed with Jason on the Argo. They are patrons of horsemen and sailors, and so on.
Castor and Pollux are traditionally depicted as young men or even children.
green (adj.) Old English grene, Northumbrian groene "green, of the color of living plants," in reference to plants, "growing, living, vigorous," also figurative, of a plant, "freshly cut," of wood, "unseasoned" earlier groeni, from Proto-Germanic *grōni- ..…From c. 1200 as "covered with grass or foliage." From early 14c. of fruit or vegetables, "unripe, immature;" and of persons, "of tender age, youthful, immature, inexperienced;" hence "gullible, immature with regard to judgment" (c. 1600).
--Etymonline
And/Or?
Three, three, the rivals
Tough one. A thought of my own here:
These three goddesses, Venus the victor?
venery (n.1)"pursuit of sexual pleasure," mid-15c., from Medieval Latin veneria "sexual intercourse," from Latin venus (genitive veneris).…
Venus late Old English, from Latin Venus (plural veneres), in ancient Roman mythology, the goddess of beauty and love, especially sensual love, from venus "love, sexual desire; loveliness, beauty, charm; a beloved object".…
Venus is also...a planet.
Q.E.D.?
Nine for the nine bright shiners
Another tough one.
One suggestion has been nine concentric crystalline "celestial spheres." In classical to Renaissance astronomy, their differing motions were supposed to cause the progress of the heavenly bodies.
Various astronomers posited various numbers and arrangements of spheres, first with the earth in the center and later, heliocentric systems.
One possible earth-centered arrangement could be: 1) closest to earth, the sphere of the moon; 2) Mercury; 3) Venus; 4) the Sun; 5) Mars; 6) Jupiter; 7) Saturn; 8) the fixed stars; and 9) the "Empyrean," a "fiery" sphere supposed to encircle the whole.
In Christian religious cosmologies, the Empyrean was "the source of light" and where God and saved souls resided...."
--Wikipedia
Or taking a different tack:
*dyeu- Proto-Indo-European [conjectured]root meaning "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god"....[T]he hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit deva "god" (literally "shining one"); diva "by day;" Avestan dava- "spirit, demon;" Greek delos "clear;" Latin dies "day," deus "god;" Welsh diw, Breton deiz "day;" Armenian tiw "day;" Lithuanian dievas "god," diena "day;" Old Church Slavonic dini, Polish dzień, Russian den "day;" Old Norse tivar "gods;" Old English Tig, genitive Tiwes, name of a god.]
--Etymonline
What about the group of nine goddesses, called the Muses?
Just an idea.
*****
And now the biggest puzzler, though possible clues exist:
Five for the symbols at your door
The use of "apotropaic" (turning-away) symbols as a protection against evil is common to many cultures. Only recently have such symbols at English historic sites gained much attention. But such so-called "witch marks" are documented from quite a few medieval and Renaissance-period structures.
Witch marks can be found in all types of buildings from barns and cottages to grand country houses to churches. The markings can also be found on furniture, gravestones and in caves such as Reynard’s Kitchen Cave in Dovedale.
Markings are usually found next to windows, doorways and fireplaces in buildings. These draughty locations were the most vulnerable and potential entrance points for demons, witches and evil spirits. The witch marks were etched into stone, plaster and woodwork.
--National Trust
Other types of mark include the intertwined letters V and M or a double V (for the protector, the Virgin Mary, alias Virgo Virginum), and crisscrossing lines to confuse any spirits that might try to follow them.
--National Trust
(Virgo Virginum = virgin of virgins)
What has "five" got to do with these marks? Well...the pentagram has, among other things, been associated with the "five wounds of Christ." So maybe?
And perhaps even more striking:
"V" for the Virgin Mary...also means "five" in Roman numerals...which were used in England until the adoption of Arabic numerals, a transition that was not complete until the 1500s.
virgin (n.) c. 1200, "unmarried or chaste woman noted for religious piety and having a position of reverence in the Church," from Anglo-French and Old French virgine "virgin; Virgin Mary," from Latin virginem (nominative virgo) "maiden, unwedded girl or woman," also an adjective, "fresh, unused," probably related to virga "young shoot"..…
--Etymonline
🌱
And Virgo...the Virgin...is also....a constellation.
I'm almost convinced here of my own cleverness in connecting "five" with the protective "V"... ;-)
*****
[But then....this: a memory floats up of an old word that sounds a bit like "symbol"... What about…possibly.....
simnel (n.) kind of sweet cake or bun made of fine flour, c. 1200, from Old French simenel "fine wheat flour; flat bread cake, Lenten cake," probably by dissimilation from Vulgar Latin *siminellus (also source of Old High German semala "the finest wheat flour," German Semmel "a roll"), a diminutive of Latin simila "fine flour".... In England especially as a gift offered on certain holidays....
--Etymonline
Wikipedia:
Simnel cakes are often associated with Mothering Sunday, also known as Simnel Sunday [just about this time of the year -- in fact, last Sunday was "Mothering Sunday"]. According to historian Ronald Hutton, in 17th Century...Gloucestershire and Worchestershire the custom of live-in apprentices and domestic servants going home (their only day off in the year) to visit their…mothers (and family) on Mothering Sunday started…
Visitors might bring a simnel cake as well as other eatables, and/or a gift of money, especially if their families were running short of supplies at the end of winter.
These cakes could be purchased from a baker. They were originally made with a rich preserved-fruit filling, first boiled in a cloth like a pudding, then baked, so they developed a tough crust that would have travelled well.
The cake later became simply an Easter cake.
Could the original line have been
Five for the simnels at your door ?
Perhaps too much of a stretch -- for, in that case, where does the "five" come from? Just thought to mention.]
*****
Variants
There are many variations recorded of "Green Grow the Rushes" carol, another name for which is "The Dilly Carol."
Kate Rusby is a Yorkshire singer. Her rendition sounds haunting, and almost Appalachian.
It's not a cumulative rendition, though it proceeds by numbers. It ends with ten. Some of the lyrics are..different.
5:15
Chorus:
Come, I will sing you
Green grow the rushes-o
I'll sing you one-o [increases with each verse]
Down among the rushes-o
.
One of them was all alone
Ever more will be-o
.
Two of them were lily babes
Dressed all in green-o
.
Three of them were strangers
Come to see the babe-o
.
Four the four evangelists
Down among the green-o
.
Five the ferryman in the boat
Sailing on the sea-o
.
Six the gospel preacher
Stories all to tell-o
.
Seven stars all in the sky
Shining there above-o
.
Eight is for the morning break
When all the birds awake-o
.
Nine is for the dilly-bird
Never seen but heard-o
.
Ten the hand of kindness
Ten begins again-o.
(Ferryman? Charon ?????!)
And at last, to leave with you with one more 🎵 tune 🎶:
In researching, one meets many cautions, not to mix up the carol with a dialect poem called "Green Grow the Rashes-O" [Scottish pronunciation of "rushes"] by the Scottish bard, Robert Burns. Burns -- himself never averse to a bit of venery -- penned this hymn to womankind, in 1784.
But.…how did the two come to share the same chorus?
According to The Word on the Street, a site that specializes in publishing old "broadside ballads" [cheap popular sheet music]
Burns wrote [his] version of 'Green Grow the Rashes, O' from a much older and more crude fragmentary ballad.
In other words, the chorus of the holy carol, and of Burns's homage to women, may have sprung from a single common source -- a still older one, of a yet more earthy nature.
Something to think about!
Here's renowned Scottish singer Eddi Reader with a joyous rendition of Burn's dialect verses. (You'll find the words if you wish at the link to Word on the Street.)
5:34
🌾🍀🌱🕊🌿🌾🌱☘🌼🌿🌿🌼🕊🌾
🌱🌼🐣Happy spring!🐑🕊🍀