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[Traditional Practices]
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[Progressive Suggestions]
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[Critical Lens]
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Behaviorism
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Constructivism
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Critical Pedagogy
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Role of TEACHER
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Authoritarian
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Facilitator/ Mentor (Coach)
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Authoritative (teacher-student)
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Role of STUDENT
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Receptive (passive)
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Active
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Empowered (student-teacher)
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Role of CONTENT (ends v. means)
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Ends (goal)
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Means
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Means
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Nature of REASONING (inductive v. deductive)
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Instructional decisions = Deductive
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Instructional decisions = Inductive
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Not primary over affect;
Instructional decisions = Inductive
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Assumptions about student thinking/ learning
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Analytical (part to whole)
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Global (whole to part)
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To be monitored by teacher and learner
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Responsibility for learning
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Primarily the teacher
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Primarily the student
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Teacher-student/ Student-teacher
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Central source of CURRICULUM
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Traditions of the field
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Student needs and interests
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Discovered and defined during process
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Nature of ASSESSMENT
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Selected response/ serves to label and sort
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Created response/ performances
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Authentic/ integral part of learning
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Nature of learning conditions (individual v. social)
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Individual
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Social
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Social
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Nature of QUESTIONS (open-ended v. closed)
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Closed
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Open-ended
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Open-ended (confrontational)
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Attitude toward ERROR
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Must be avoided
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Natural and even necessary element of learning
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Sees “error” label as dehumanizing and oppressive; function of normalization
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Assumptions about MOTIVATION (intrinsic v. extrinsic)
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Extrinsic
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Intrinsic
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To be monitored by teacher and learner
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Role of psychology (behavioral v. cognitive)
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Behavioral
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Cognitive
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Postformalism (Kincheloe)
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Names associated with theory
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Pavlov, Skinner, Thorndike, Watson
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Piaget, Dewey, Vygotsky
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Freire, hooks, Vygotsky, Giroux, Kincheloe, Apple
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Attitude toward standardization
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Appropriate goal
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Flawed expectation
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Dehumanizing
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Goal of instruction (answers v. questions)
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Answers (correctness)
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Questions (possibilities)
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Questions that confront norms, assumptions
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Perception of the nature of the mind
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Blank slate
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Jungian (Collective Unconscious)
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Cognitive and affective both valued, evolving
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Nature of Truth/truth
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Truth (absolute)
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truth (relative)
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Truths as normalized assumptions (oppressive)
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