"Life dictated that our fates crossed. Together in important posts, we had to solve problems linked with the changes that were occurring in the country, democratic changes. We were able to do a lot, but we had serious differences — very big differences that the forces against perestroika and changes took advantage of."
— Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.
The heady days of 1991--the fall of the Soviet Union, the bringing down of the Berlin wall, the end of apartheid in South Africa--are hazy memories just a decade and a half later. The end of history certainly has turned out the way we, and particularly Fukuyama had envisioned. So Boris Yeltsin's death reminds us of those days past, when this man helped change the course of the world.
In America, of course, the fall of the Soviet Union is generally couched in terms of the masterful policy of the neocons and the take-no-prisoners leadership of Ronald Reagan. What's forgotten generally, on this side of the Atlantic, is the transformative leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev and the reformer he brought to power, Boris Yeltsin. Gorbachev recognized that in order for Communism in general and the Soviet Union in particular to thrive, some of the basic tensions between a civil society and an authoritarian system of government would have to be loosened.
Gorbachev brought Yeltsin with him to power in 1985, installing him in the Politburo. Gorbachev's reform efforts, glasnost, perestroika, and uskorenyie, weren't moving fast enough for Yeltsin. After a confrontation with Gorbachev over the pace of reforms in 1987, Yeltsin was kicked out of the Politiburo but elected to the new Congress of People's deputies in 1989, elevating him to a prominent position. His reputation as a reformer made him an early hero of a populace feeling their way toward a civil society.
The disastrous economic situation brought on by the years of quagmire in Afghanistan, and the growing movement of nationalism, particularly in the Baltics and Central Asia (a result, ironically, of Gorbachev's reforms) added to the increasing tensions within the Soviet Union, between republics, and between the people and the Politburo. But particularly between the Politburo and Gorbachev.
That very loosening of tension that Gorbachev knew was necessary to save the Soviet Union precipitated its entire unraveling, and in a desparate attempt to bring it to an end and restore the Soviet Union that was, hardliners in the Kremlin staged the August coup. And Yeltsin the hero was made, organizing a popular resistance from atop a tank near Russia's parliament. The coup was put down, Gorbachev all but deposed, and Yeltsin became the leader who would try to bring Russia to democracy.
His legacy is certainly mixed. The war in Chechnya, rampant corruption, and his championing of the Vladimir Putin, Russia's new tyrant, all mar his place in Russian history and are perhaps the inevitable coda to Yeltsin's life. But primarily, he will be remembered for his stand on the tank in front of Russia's "White House," staving off at least for a while a return of the bad old days of Soviet rule.
"Yeltsin gave our citizens freedom," said Boris Nemtsov, a former deputy prime minister, Monday. "He himself loved it, and he loved our homeland. Remember what he told Putin when he left: He said, 'Protect Russia.' "