Welcome to WOW2!
WOW2 is a twice-monthly sister blog to This Week in the War on Women. This edition covers women and events from August 1 through August 16.
This is an on-going, evolving project. So many women have been added to the lists over the past three years that even changing the posts from monthly to twice a month, the pages keep getting longer and more unwieldy – an astonishing and wonderful problem to have! So starting now, the format is changing again.
For the entire previous AUGUST list as of 2017, click HERE:
www.dailykos.com/...
Otherwise, what you’re seeing on this Early August 2018 page are only the NEW people and events, or additional information, found since last year.
The purpose of WOW2 is to learn about and honor women of achievement, including many who’ve been ignored or marginalized in most of the history books, and to mark moments in women’s history. It also serves as a reference archive of women’s history. There are so many more phenomenal women than I ever dreamed of finding, and all too often their stories are almost unknown, even to feminists and scholars.
These trailblazers have a lot to teach us about persistence in the face of overwhelming odds. I hope you will find reclaiming our past as much of an inspiration as I do.
This Week in the War on Women just posted, so be sure to go there next and catch up on the latest dispatches from the frontlines: www.dailykos.com/...
Early August’s Women Trailblazers and Events in Our History
Note: All images and audios are below the person or event to which they refer
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- August 1, 1837 – Mary Harris baptized after birth in Ireland, her exact birthdate unknown, but she became the American labor organizer and speaker ‘Mother Jones’ after her husband and children died of yellow fever; in 1902 she was called ‘the most dangerous woman in America’ because she was so successful in organizing mine workers and their families; activist for child labor laws
- August 1, 1865 – Isobel Lilian Gloag born in London of Scottish parents, British painter known for oil and watercolour portraits, nude studies, posters and stained glass designs; exhibited works at the Royal Academy of Arts, and elected a member of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters and the New Society of Painters in Water-Colours. She had suffered from ill health since childhood, and died at age 51
- August 1, 1905 – Helen Sawyer Hogg born, American-Canadian astronomer and academic; pioneer in research on globular clusters and variable stars; first woman president of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (1939-1941); wrote a weekly column “With the Stars” for the Toronto Star, and a column “Out of Old Books” for the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada; strong advocate for women’s careers in science; winner of the 1949 Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy, the Rittenhouse Medal (1967) and the Klumpke-Roberts Award (1983)
- August 1, 1910 – Gerda Taro born as Gerta Pohorylle, German Jewish war photographer, one of the first women photojournalists to be killed while covering the front lines of a war; she was opposed to the Nazi party, and joined leftist groups in 1929. In 1933, she arrested and detained for distributing anti-Nazi propaganda; in 1934, she and her family were forced to leave Germany, scattering in different directions. She moved to Paris, and never saw her family again. She learned photography from Endre Friedmann, a Hungarian Jew, and they became lovers. She went to work for Alliance Photo as a picture editor. They created the fictional persona of Robert Capo for Freidmann, but both of them submitted work under the alias, as it became more difficult for Jews to get their work accepted. The secret came out, but Friedmann kept the name Capa, and she adopted Gerda Taro as her professional name. While covering the Spanish Civil War, she photographed the bombing of Valencia and the Brunete region near Madrid, where her photographs showed that the Nationalist propaganda claiming control of the region was false. She was killed in 1937, accidentally hit by a Republican tank
- August 1, 1912 – Gego born as Getrud Louise Goldschmidt in Germany; Venezuelan modern artist and sculptor; because she was Jewish, her German citizenship was nullified in 1935, and she moved to Venezuela in 1939, becoming a Venezuelan citizen in 1952
- August 1, 1927 – María Teresa López Boegeholz born, Chilean oceanographer and pioneer in marine sciences; professor of zoology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile; professor at the University of Concepción, where she taught courses in ecology, aquaculture, women and the environment, marine biology and sustainable development; did field work on ecologic projects in the Chiloé Archipelago; advocate for women in artisanal fishing
- August 1, 1946 – Fiona Stanley born, Australian epidemiologist, noted for research on child and maternal health, and birth defects; confirmed the benefit of folate in preventing spina bifida; her early work was on health problems among Aboriginal children caused by changes to their environment and traditional culture, then she studied in the UK at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and in the U.S., before returning to Australia to establish research programs at the University of Western Australia and within the health department, focusing on preventing instead of curing diseases caused by societal and environmental issues. In 1990, she was the founder and director of the Telethon Institute for Child Health Research; a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Social Sciences since 1996; recipient of the 2001 Centenary Medal; a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science since 2002; honored in 2004 by the National Trust as an Australian Living Treasure
- August 1, 1947 – Lorna Goodison born, Jamaican poet, writer and painter; first woman Poet Laureate of Jamaica, since 2017; honored with 1999 Musgrave Medal by the Institute of Jamaica for literary contributions, and the 2018 Windham-Campbell Literature Prize in Poetry; her poetry collections include I Am Becoming My Mother, Oracabessa and Supplying Salt and Light
- August 1, 1964 – Fiona Hyslop born, Scottish National Party politician; Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Tourism and External Affairs (2011-present); Member of the Scottish Parliament for Linlithgow since 2011
- August 1, 1964 – Augusta Read Thomas born, American composer and conductor; Chair of the Board of the American Music Center; in 2007, Astral Canticle was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Music
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- August 2, 1870 – Marianne Weber born, German sociologist, author and women’s rights activist; published her landmark book Ehefrau und Mutter in der Rechtsentwicklung (Wife and Mother in the Development of Law) in 1907, followed by works on “The Question of Divorce” (1909), "Authority and Autonomy in Marriage" and "On the Valuation of Housework" (both in 1912), and "Women and Objective Culture" (1913); first woman delegate in the federal state parliament of Baden in 1919, and chair (1919-1923) of the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (League of German Women's Associations). After the unexpected death in 1920 of her husband, Max Weber, she was left a widow with four adopted children to raise, so she became a public speaker, along with her writing. All her public activities stopped in 1935, when Hitler dissolved the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine, but she continued to hold a private weekly salon in her home
- August 2, 1894 – Bertha Maria Lutz born, Brazilian zoologist, politician, diplomat, and leading figure in the Pan American feminist and human rights movements; she sparked the lagging campaign for Brazilian women’s suffrage, founding the League for Intellectual Emancipation of Women in 1919, and the Brazilian Federation for Women’s Progress in 1922; Brazilian women won the right to vote in 1932; in 1933, she had obtained a law degree from Rio de Janeiro Law School, and went to the Inter-American Conference of Motevideo, Uruguay, where she introduced several proposals, including calling for the Inter-American Congress of Women to focus on gender equality in the workplace; in 1936, she became a member of the Brazilian congress, one of the few congresswomen at the time, where she presented an initiative to create a committee to analyze every Brazilian law and statute to endure they did not violate the rights of women, but when Getúlio Vargas was reinstated as dictator in 1937, he suspended parliament, ending any hope of going forward with the project. Lutz was one of four women in San Francisco in 1945 to sign the United Nations Charter, and was vice president of the Inter-American Conference of Women (1953-1959), and continued to be an active member of the commission, advocating for the rights of indigenous women. In 1975, she attended the International Women’s Year conference in Mexico City, the year before she died at age 82
- August 2, 1907 – Mary Hamman born, American writer and editor, worked for LIFE magazine, as the modern living editor, one of the “trio of formidable and colorful women” at LIFE, with Mary Letherbee, the movie editor, and Sally Kirkland, the fashion editor. They ran the “back of the book” for Ed Thompson, the managing editor; when he went on to found Smithsonian magazine, Hamman contributed to the humor page inside the back cover
- August 2, 1942 – Nell Irvin Painter born, American historian and biographer, whose field is American Southern history of the 19th century; her book, The History of White People, was a New York Times bestseller
- August 2, 1947 – Ruth Bakke born, Norwegian organist, composer and music theorist
- August 2, 1967 – Aline Brosh McKenna born in France, American screenwriter and producer; noted for the screenplays for Laws of Attraction, The Devil Wears Prada and We Bought a Zoo
- August 2, 2013 – Responding to the Supreme Court decision in U.S v. Windsor that the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is unconstitutional, the U.S. State Department announces it will begin granting U.S. entry visas to foreign spouses of U.S. citizens in same-sex marriages, and visa applications of foreign same-sex couples will be considered jointly
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- August 3, 1949 – Sue Slipman born, British civil, human and women’s rights activist; executive member of the National Council for Civil Liberties (1977-1979); founding member of the Social Democratic Party (1981); Director of the National Council for One Parent Families (1986-1995); a staunch advocate for women, especially single parents, she was a member of the Working Group on Women’s Issues to the Secretary of State for Employment (1992-1998)
- August 3, 1957 – Kate Wilkinson born, New Zealand lawyer and politician, Commissioner of the Envrionment Court since 2015; Member of NZ Parliament (2005-2014); Minister of: Food Safety (2008-2013), Conservation (2010-2013), and Labour (2008-2012)
- August 3, 1958 – Lindsey Hilsum born, English television journalist and writer; International Editor for Channel 4 News, and regular contributor to the Sunday Times, The Observer, The Guardian, The New Statesman, and Granta; recipient of the 2017 Patron’s Medal of the Royal Geographical Society
- August 3, 1958 – Ana Kokkinos born, Australian film and television director and screenwriter; her second short film, Only the Brave, won several awards; her first feature film, Head On (1998), won Best First Feature at San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival; other feature films include The Book of Revelation and Blessed
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- August 4, 1892 – Johanna Bordewijk Roepman born, Dutch composer
- August 4, 1923 – Mayme Agnew Clayton born, American librarian, founder and president of the Western States Black Research and Education center (WSBREC), the largest privately held collection of African-American historical materials in the world, representing the core holdings of the Mayme A. Clayton Library and Museum in Culver City California; for almost 50 years, Clayton single-handedly, using her own resources, she collected over 30,000 rare and out-of-print books, newspaper clippings, movie posters, sheet music – in all, some 3.5 million items. In 1969, she helped establish the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) African-American Studies Center Library; formed her own company, Third World Ethnic Books; and supported black filmmakers through the Black American Cinema Society
- August 4, 1928 – Nadežda Mosusova born, Serbian composer, musicologist and writer; professor at the Stankovic Music School in Belgrade
- August 4, 1932 – Frances E. Allen born, American computer scientist; she went to college to become a high school math teacher, but instead became a pioneer in optimizing compilers, and seminal work in computer program optimization and parallel computing; first woman IBM Fellow; first woman recipient of the Turing Award (2006); also honored with a Computer Pioneer Award (2004) and as a Computer History Museum Fellow (2000)
- August 4, 1940 – Frances J. Stewart born, British pre-eminent development economist, named one of fifty outstanding technological leaders in 2003 by Scientific American; director of the Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE) at the University of Oxford; president of the Human Development and Capability Association (2008-2010); author of Technology and underdevelopment, Basic needs in developing countries, and Horizontal inequalities and conflict: understanding group violence in multiethnic societies
- August 4, 1943 – Barbara Saß-Viehweger born in what was then the Province of Saxony; German lawyer, civil law notary and Christian Democratic Union (CDU) politician; member of the Abgeordnetenhaus (a representative assembly governing non-federal regional matters) of Berlin (1975-1995), where she was speaker of the CDU caucus, and chair of the Enquete-Kommission (inquiry commission) for Abgeordnetenhaus administration reform; member of the communal parliament in Steglitz (1971-1975)
- August 4, 1971 – Bethan Benwell born, British linguist and author; since 2008, a senior lecturer in English language and Linguistics at the University of Stirling; co-investigator (2007-2010) on the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) project Devolving Diasporas: Migration and Reception in Central Scotland, 1980–present; she and co-author Elizabeth Stokoe were nominated for the 2007 British Association for Applied Linguistics (BAAL) Book Prize for Discourse and Identity
- August 4, 2010 – The state government of Malaysia and its Islamic Religious Council announced that it will allow Muslim girls under age 16 and boys under 18 to be married, claiming it would reduce the number of babies born out of wedlock; Minister for Women Shahrizat Abdul Jalil called the decision “morally and socially unacceptable”
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- August 5, 1565 – Paola Massarenghi born, Italian composer; her only composition to survive is a spiritual madrigal, Quando spiega l’insegn’al sommo padre
- August 5, 1932 – Tera de Marez Oyens born, Dutch composer; noted for chamber music and song cycles
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- August 6, 1926 – Elisabeth Beresford born in France, British author of children’s books, known for creating The Wombles of Wimbleton Common, who “make good use of bad rubbish”
- August 6, 1942 – Netherlands Queen Wilhelmina is first reigning queen to address U.S. Congressional joint session
- August 6, 1947 – Radhia Cousot born in Tunisia, the only woman in her class at the Polytechnic School of Algiers – she was also ranked first in her class; French computer scientist known for inventing abstract interpretation, a theory of sound approximation of the semantics of computer programs, a way of gaining information about control- and data- flow without performing all the usual calculations; after working as an associate research scientist at the Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble, she was appointed in 1980 to the Centre national de la recherche scientifique, where she rose through the research ranks to the senior level to head the research team “Semantics, Proof and Abstract Interpretation” in 1991, and then on to the École normale supérieur (2006-2014); honored with the IEEE Computer Society Harlan D. Mills Award in 2014
- August 6, 1961 – Mary Ann Sieghart born, English journalist, wrote a weekly political column for The Independent; BBC Radio 4 presenter of Start the Week; chair of the Social Market Foundation, an independent think tank
- August 6, 1967 – Lorna Fitzsimons born, British Labour politician, member of Parliament for Rochdale (1997-2005); President of the National Union of Students (1992-1994)
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- August 7, 1560 –Elizabeth Báthory born, the “Blood Countess,” one of the first women serial killers in history; Hungarian torturer and murderer of hundreds of young women over a 24-year period
- August 7, 1751 – Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange born, leader of the dynastic stadtholder (hereditary stewards and officials) party and the counter revolution while married to William V of Orange
- August 7, 1876 – Mata Hari born as Margaretha MacLeod, Dutch exotic dancer; executed as a WWI German spy, but probably a double-agent for the French and the Germans
- August 7, 1953 – Anne Fadiman born, American journalist and essayist; won the 1997 National Book Critics Circle Award for her non-fiction book, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down; a founding editor of the Library of Congress magazine Civilization
- August 7, 1957 – Daire Brehan born, Irish stage and television actress, barrister and BBC radio presenter; co-founder in 1985 of the theatre company Theatre Unlimited; was called to the Bar in 2002, practicing in criminal defense and prosecutor; since 2005, member of the Inner Temple; elected in 2012 a Bencher of the Honorable Society of the Inner Temple
- August 7, 1968 – Francesca Gregorini born in Italy, Italian-American film director, scriptwriter and musician; made her directing debut on Tanner Hall, for which she also co-authored the screenplay; her film The Truth About Emanuel was selected for the dramatic competition at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival
- August 7, 1979 – Birgit Zotz born, Austrian cultural anthropologist and writer; noted for knowledge of Tibetan Buddhism, and cross-cultural hospitality management; president of Komyoji, an intercultural institution
- August 7, 1985 – Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri and Chiaki Mukai become Japan’s first astronauts
- August 7, 2010 – Elena Kagan is sworn in as the fourth woman justice on the U.S. Supreme Court
- August 7, 2012 – Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, a guest of honor at a dinner hosted by South African Foreign Minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane in Johannesburg, was one of the first people out on the dance floor, laughing with jazz singer Judith Sephuma as they tried to outdo each other in dance moves. This was a break from serious business; Clinton was attending a conference on stopping the spread of AIDS in South Africa, which has the highest HIV infection rate in the world
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- August 8, 1898 – Marguerite Bise born, French chef and restauranteur; notable as the third woman to win three Michelin stars, in 1951 as head chef of the restaurant Auberge du Père Bise which she founded with her husband in Talloires, Haute-Savoie, a lakeside resort town in southeastern France
- August 8, 1922 – Gertrude Himmelfarb born, American traditionalist historian, noted for works on Victorian England
- August 8, 1933 – Serena Wilson born, American dancer, choreographer and teacher; a pioneer in legitimizing belly dance in the U.S.; a student of Ruth St. Denis; television host of The Serena Show
- August 8, 1937 – Sheila Varian born, American Arabian Horse breeder and trainer; received recognition for her work from the U.S. Equestrian Federation as one of the top ten breeders of Arabians in the country, and awarded the 2001 Ellen Scripps Memorial Breeders’ Cup to her; honored in 2005 with the Arabian Breeders Association Lifetime Achievement Award
- August 8, 1948 – Svetlana Savitskaya born, Soviet cosmonaut who became the second woman in space aboard Soyuz T-7 in 1982; on her 1984 mission, she became the first woman to be in space twice, and the first woman to perform a spacewalk
- August 8, 1958 – Deborah Norville born, American television journalist; anchor on the syndicated news magazine Inside Edition since 1995; on the Board of Directors of Viacom Corporation; worked for CBS News (1992-1995), including a stint as co-anchor on America Tonight; she hosted The Deborah Norville Show on ABC TalkRadio (1991-1992) after taking maternity leave; worked for NBC (1987-1990)
- August 8, 1973 – Ilka Agricola born, German mathematician in the field of differential geometry, concerned with its applications in mathematical physics; dean of mathematics and computer science at the University of Marburg
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- August 9, 1757 – Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton born, daughter of a Continental Army General from a wealthy and politically influential Dutch heritage family; she accompanied her father to a meeting of the Six Nations, and met Benjamin Franklin when he stayed at the Schuyler family home. She married Alexander Hamilton, helping with his political articles and correspondence, serving as an intermediary with his publisher, and frequently hosting and attending political and social dinner parties. After her husband’s sudden death in the 1804 duel with Aaron Burr, she was left a widow with seven children, and many debts to pay, so she sold their estate, The Grange. In 1806, she and several other women founded the Orphan Asylum Society, the first private orphanage in New York. She was its second vice president, then served as its directress (1821-1848). The New York Orphan Society is now Graham Windham, an agency providing services to over 4500 children and families affected by abuse and neglect in low income New York neighborhoods
- August 9, 1861 – Dorothea Klumpke born, American astronomer and astophotographer, one of the five Klumpke sisters, who all went on to distinguished careers, two of the others in music, one in art, and another in medicine; Dorothea began work at the Paris Observatory in 1887, measuring star positions, processing astrophotographs, and studying stellar spectra; she was chosen as the observatory’s Director of the Bureau of Measurements (1895-1901), over 50 male applicants, and worked on astrophotography for the atlas of the heavens proposed by Sir David Gill in 1886; she left Paris in 1901 when she married Welsh astronomer Dr. Isaacs Roberts, and assisted in a British project to photograph 52 of the Herschel “areas of nebulosity.” Sadly, her husband died in 1904, but she inherited all his astronomical equipment and considerable fortune. Later, she returned to the Paris Observatory, working on plates and notes from her husband’s years of work; in 1929, she published “The Isaac Roberts Atlas of 52 Regions, a Guide to William Herschel’s Fields of Nebulosity.” She was awarded the Hèléne-Paul Helbronner prize in 1932 from the French Academy of Sciences for this publication
- August 9, 1878 – Eileen Gray born in Ireland, architect and furniture designer based in Paris; a pioneer of the Modern Movement in architecture; noted for her design of E-1027, a holiday home near Monaco, and Tempe à Pailla (‘Time and Hay’), a smaller home in Menton, also on the Côte d’Azur; during WWII, while she was interned as a foreign national, the Nazis looted the houses she had designed, which were damaged by bombing, and E-1027 was used for target practice by German soldiers
- August 9, 1908 – Mary G. Ross born, American Cherokee engineer and mathematician with an fascination for astronomy, the first Native American woman engineer; hired in 1942 by Lockheed as a mathematician, she worked with the engineering staff on the P-38 Lightning fighter plane, the first aircraft to exceed 400 mph; after the war, Lockheed sent her to UCLA for professional certification in engineering, where she studied aeronautics, missiles and celestial mechanics – she was one of the few women kept on after the war. Most were laid off so their jobs could go to the men returning home from military service. In 1952, she joined Lockheed’s Advanced Development Program at the then-secret ‘Skunk Works’ working on preliminary design concepts for manned and unmanned earth-orbiting flights and satellites, interplanetary space travel, the RM-81 Agena rocket project. She was a co-author of the NASA Planetary Flight Handbook Volume III, about space travel to Mars and Venus. By 1958, she was ranked as an advanced systems engineer. Ross worked on the U.S. ballistic missile system, and overcoming the problems with launching them from submarines, and the Polaris reentry vehicle; Member of the Society of Women Engineers and the American Indian Science and Engineering Society; after she retired in 1973, she actively recruited Native Americans and women for engineering careers
- August 9, 1915 – Mareta West born, American geologist, the first woman geologist hired by the U.S. Geological Survey, in Arizona; she was also the first woman astrogeologist, and worked for NASA, choosing the site for the first manned lunar landing for Apollo 11
- August 9, 1928 – Camilla Wicks born, American violinist, one of the first women to establish an international career as a violinist
- August 9, 1931 – Paula Kent Meeham born, American business executive and co-founder of the Redken hair products company; philanthropist who supported Childhelp, a non-profit dedicated to the prevention of child abuse; donated $5 million USD to the Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts, and was a large donor to the 9/11 Memorial Garden in Beverly Hills CA
- August 9, 1940 – Linda Keen born, American mathematician; since 1974, mathematics professor at Lehman College and at the Graduate Center, both of the City University of New York; work on Riemann surfaces, hyperbolic geometry, Kleinian and Fuchsian groups, and complex analysis; president of the Association for Women in mathematics (1985-1986) and fellow of the American Mathematical Society since 2012
- August 9, 1944 – Patricia McKissack born, prolific African American children’s and historical fiction writer, many co-authored with her husband Frederick; won three Coretta Scott King Awards for A Long Hard Journey: The Story of the Pullman Porter, Dark-Thirty: Southern Tales of the Supernatural, and Christmas in the Big House, Christmas in the Quarters; she was a board member of the National Children’s Book and Literacy Alliance
- August 9, 1945 – Posy Simmonds born, British newspaper cartoonist and children’s book author-illustrator; worked for The Guardian newspaper, satirizing the English middle classes
- August 9, 1964 – Hoda Kotb born, Egyptian American television journalist and author; one of the co-anchors on Today, the NBC News morning show since 2008, she replaced Matt Lauer after he was dismissed; Dateline NBC correspondent since 1998; she has published three books, including her 2010 best-selling autobiography, Hoda: How I Survived War Zones, Bad Hair, Cancer, and Kathie Lee
- August 9, 1966 – Linn Ullman born, Norwegian author, journalist and columnist for Norway’s leading morning newspaper; noted for her novels, Before You Sleep, and Grace
- August 9, 1979 – Lisa Nandy born, British Labour politician; Member of Parliament for Wigan since 2010; senior policy adviser on young refugees to The Children’s Society from 2005; researcher for Centrepoint, a homeless charity (2003-2005)
- August 9, 1982 – Yekaterina Samutsevich born, Russian political activist and musician, member of the anti-Putin punk rock group Pussy Riot; convicted in 2012 of hooliganism motivated by religious hatred for an appearance at Moscow’s Cathedral of Christ the Savior, and sentenced to two years imprisonment. An international campaign was launched by the Union of Solidarity with Political Prisoners and Amnesty International which named her as a prisoner of conscience; on appeal, her sentence was suspended after her lawyer argued that she had been stopped by cathedral guards before she could get her guitar out of its case
- August 9, 1990 – Sarah McBride born, American transgender rights activist and author; currently the National Press secretary of the Human Rights Campaign; major influence in passage of legislation in Delaware banning discrimination on the basis of gender identity; became the first openly transgender person to address a major party convention when she spoke at the 2016 Democratic National Convention; published her book, Tomorrow Will Be Different: Love, Loss, and the Fight for Trans Equality, in 2018
- August 9, 2016 – The longest hunger strike in history, by Indian activist Irom Sharmile, ends after 16 years of protesting the Armed Forces Special Powers Act. The act gives Indian soldiers sweeping powers to make arrests without warrants and even shoot to kill in certain situations. Sharmile announced her fast after 10 civilians were killed by soldiers in Manipur. She was arrested, and has been held since in judicial custody under a law that makes attempting suicide a crime, being force-fed through a tube in her nose for over a decade. She stated that she was ending her fast because it had not worked, and she was going to enter politics instead, standing in opposition to the government in the elections
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- August 10, 1908 – Rica Erickson born, Australian naturalist, botanical artist, historian and author; noted for Orchids of the West, Triggerplants and as editor of Flowers and Plants of Western Australia; member of the Royal Western Australia Historical Society; made a Member of the Order of Australia in recognition of her work as an author and illustrator in 1987. The Rica Erickson Nature Preserve was founded in her honor, and officially opened in 1996
- August 10, 1914 – Margaret Morgan Lawrence born, American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst; first black woman physician certified by the American Board of Pediatrics; Chief of the Developmental Psychiatry Service for Infants and Children at Harlem Hospital for 21 years, as well as associate clinical professor of psychiatry at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, retiring in 1984; noted for her research on development of strength in black families; author of The Mental Health Team in Schools, and Young Inner City Families; from 1932 to 1936, she was on a scholarship from the National Council of the Episcopal Church. The only black undergraduate, she was denied a place in the segregated dormitory. At first, she supported herself by working as a maid for a white family, living in the attic, but later worked as a laboratory assistant. In spite of academic excellence, she was refused admittance to Cornell Medical School because of her race, but became the third African American admitted to Columbia Medical School (1936-1940). Then she was rejected from a residency at New York Babies Hospital because of race, and rejected by Grasslands Hospital because she was a married woman. Lawrence completed a two-year pediatric residency at Harlem Hospital (1940-1942). She got her masters in science at Columbia University’s School of Public Health, where one of her teachers was Dr. Benjamin Spock; in 1948, she was the first African American to join the New York Psychiatric Institute, and the first African American psychoanalysis trainer at Columbia’s Psychoanalytic Center; she also earned certification as a pediatric psychiatrist (1951)
- August 10, 1931 – Dolores Alexander born, lesbian feminist, writer and reporter; In 1960, she was not hired as a copy “girl” at the New York Times after working there as an intern because it would “cause a revolution in the newsroom.” She went to work for the Newark Evening News, working up from reporter to copy editor to bureau chief (1961-1964), then worked for Newsday in various capacities (1964-1967). Alexander became chair of a committee of the National Task Force on Image of Women in Mass Media at the newly-formed National Organization for Women (NOW), and was NOW’s first Executive Director 1969 to 1970, when she resigned in protest of some negative attitudes exhibited towards lesbians during NOW’s early inception. She and Jill Ward borrowed money from friends to renovate a run-down luncheonette in Greenwich Village NY, which they opened in 1972 as Mother Courage, the first feminist restaurant in the U.S. Both women and men were served, but wine was poured for women to taste rather than their male guests, and checks were placed within equal distance of diners. It became a popular place for women dining solo, assured of good service and no hassling by men. Alexander lectured on women’s rights, working with the New Feminist Talent Collective, formed by Jacqueline Ceballos to provide speakers about the women’s movement; she also pushed for integration of want ads, beginning with the New York Times
- August 10, 1958 – Rosie Winterton born, British Labour politician, Member of Parliament for Doncaster Central since 1997; Parliamentary Undersecretary of State (2001-2003) Minister of State for: Health (2003-2006), Transport (2007-2008), Work and Pensions (2008-2009) and Local Government (2009-2010); appointed to Privy Council in 2006
- August 10, 1962 – Suzanne Collins born, American television writer and sci-fi/fantasy YA novelist; known for her best-selling Hunger Games trilogy; began her TV career writing for several Nickelodeon children’s television series, becoming head writer for Clifford’s Puppy Days; her first novel was Gregor the Overlander, which began The Underland Chronicles. The Hunger Games won the 2008 CYBIL Award for Fantasy and Science Fiction
- August 10, 1974 – Haifaa al-Mansour born, the first and best-known Saudi Arabian woman filmmaker; after making three short films, she directed the documentary Women Without Shadows, which received the Golden Dagger for Best Documentary at the Muscat Film Festival in Oman; she wrote and directed her first feature film, Wadjda, which was the first full-length feature made entirely in Saudi Arabia and the first directed by a woman. It made its world premiere at the 2012 Venice Film Festival. It was also the official Saudi Arabian entry for the Academy Awards Best Foreign Language Film. Her focus on women’s issues has brought her criticism and hate mail, as well as praise. In 2015, she was selected as a jurist for the ‘Un Certain Regard’ section of the Cannes Film Festival. Mary Shelley, her romantic drama about Shelley’s early life, premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival
- August 10, 1974 – Rachel Simmons born, American research scholar at New York’s Hewitt School; author of the 2002 book, Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls, and the 2009 book, The Curse of the Good Girl
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- August 11, 1384 – Yolande of Aragon born, titular queen regnant of Aragon who was denied rule because she was a woman, and was forced to marry Louis II of Anjou over her objections; she later supported the claim to the French throne of Charles the Dauphin, and helped finance Joan d’ Arc’s army, tipping the balance in favor of the French during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years’ War between England and France
- August 11, 1897 – Enid Blyton born, prolific English children’s author and poet; The Enchanted Wood, The Yellow Fairy Book, and many, many others
- August 11, 1919 – Ginette Neveu born, French classical violinist, child prodigy, won the Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition at the age of 16; she achieved international fame, but died in a plane crash at age 30
- August 11, 1941 – Alla Kushnir born in Russia, Israeli chess champion, Woman Grandmaster, three time winner of the Women’s Chess Olympiads
- August 11, 1946 – Marilyn vos Savant born, American author and “Ask Marilyn” magazine columnist; noted for The Power of Logical Thinking
- August 11, 1955 – Sylvia Hermon born, Lady Hermon, lawyer and Northern Irish independent unionist politician, regarded as socially liberal, concerned with pensioner’s and women’s rights; she first entered politics in 1998, and became the Member of Parliament for North Down in 2001, her current position; lecturer in Law at Queen’s University of Belfast during the 1980s; longstanding supporter of the Alzheimer’s Research Trust, helping to launch its Northern Ireland network centre
- August 11, 1974 – Hadiqa Kiani, Pakistani singer-songwriter, social activist and the first Pakistani woman UN Goodwill Ambassador, in 2010; after the devastating 2010 floods in Pakistan, she volunteered with her siblings, working alongside the Pakistani Army distributing food, water, clothing and shelter to flood victims, and visiting with refugees; she helped finance and oversaw construction of over 250 houses for families who lost their homes during the floods; joined with other Pakistani musicians in 2007 to produce an anti-terrorism song, and in 2015 became one of 10 mentors who are part of an initiative to support Pakistani women in becoming community and national leaders, and overcoming gender discrimination. Kiani has been outspoken on the issue of sexual abuse of children, criticizing actor Yasir Hussain for joking about child molestation, and expressing disappointment in the Pakistani entertainment industry’s support for him
- August 11, 1974 – Audrey Mestre born, French marine biologist and record-setting free diver; after her family moved to Mexico when she was in her teens, she studied marine biology at the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur; in 2000, she broke the female world record for free diving, reaching 410 feet (125 meters) on a single breath, then broke her own record in 2001; she was killed in a diving accident in 2002
- August 11, 1978 – Lillian Nakate born, Ugandan civil engineer and politician; Member of the Ugandan Parliament representing the Luweero District Women’s Constituency since 2016; worked as an engineer in the private sector on construction projects and as a consultant (2011-2016); Town Engineer for Wobulenzi Town Council (2007-2011); Assistant Engineering Officer for Loweero District Local Government (2001-2006)
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- August 12, 1831 – Helena Blavatsky born, Russian author and theosophist, co-founder of the Theosophical Society, noted for Isis Unveiled, and The Key to Theosophy
- August 12, 1857 – Ernestine von Kirchsberg born, Austrian landscape painter
- August 12, 1859 – Katharine Lee Bates born, American writer, poet, academic, and social activist; her poem “America the Beautiful” became the lyrics for the song; she was one of the pioneers in creating American Literature as a field of study, teaching one of the first college courses, and writing one of the first textbooks on the subject; She co-founded Denison House, a settlement house in Boston, and worked for the rights of women, workers, people of color, immigrants, and slum dwellers; after WWI, she was active in the peace movement, and the attempts to establish the League of Nations, and she opposed American isolationism
- August 12, 1880 – Radcliffe Hall born, English poet and author; best known for her groundbreaking 1928 novel of lesbian literature, The Well of Loneliness. Though not sexually explicit, it became the subject of an obscenity trial in the United Kingdom which resulted in a ruling that all copies of the book be destroyed. Its U.S. publication is allowed only after an extended court battle
- August 12, 1919 – Margaret Burbidge born in England, British-American astrophysicist; did her undergraduate and graduate studies in astronomy at University College, London (1936-1939, Ph.D. 1943), then returned down for a Carnegie Fellowship in 1945 for the Mount Wilson Observatory because only men were allowed there at the time. She did come to the U.S. in 1951 on a grant for the Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, focusing on the chemical abundances in stars. Returning to England in 1953, she collaborated with her husband and others on the stellar nuceleosynthesis theory, that all the chemical elements could be synthesized within stars by nuclear reaction. In 1955, she finally made it to Mount Wilson, posing as her husband’s assistant. When management found out, they agreed to let her stay on condition that the couple live in a cottage on the grounds instead of in the segregated dormitory. In 1972, for the first time in 300 years, the directorship of the Royal Greenwich Observatory was not combined with the post of the Astronomer Royal, but was given to Margaret Burbidge, while Martin Ryle got the more prestigious post of Astronomer Royal. Her appointment was short-lived. In 1974, she left after controversy broke out over moving the Isaac Newton Telescope from its place in the observatory to a more useful location. Burbidge became one of the foremost and most influential advocates for ending discrimination against women in the field of astronomy. In 1972 she turned down the Annie J. Cannon Award of the American Astronomical Society because it was awarded to women only. In 1984, the Society awarded her its highest honor, regardless of gender, the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship. Burbidge was the first director of the Center for Astrophysics and Space Science at the University of California San Diego (1979-1988). In 1976, she became the first woman president of the American Astronomy Society. In 1977, she became a U. S. citizen. Elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 1981. In 1983, she was awarded the National Medal of Science. Also received the 1988 Albert Einstein World Award of Science
- August 12, 1932 – Sirikit, current Queen mother of Thailand, born; world’s longest-serving consort of a reigning head of state; took on duties as queen regent (1956), when the king entered the Buddhist monkhood for a time
- August 12, 1945 – Dorothy E. Denning born, American computer scientist, software engineer and information security researcher, innovator in lattice-based access control (LBAC) and intrusion detection systems (IDS); inducted into the National Cyber Security Hall of Fame in 2012; now Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Defense Analysis at the Naval Postgraduate School; author of Cryptography and Data Security; named a Fellow of the Association of Computing Machinery in 1995; recipient of the 2001 Augusta Ada Lovelace Award from the Association for Women in Computing
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- August 13, 752 – Maria Carolina of Austria born, Queen consort of Naples and Sicily, the wife of King Ferdinand IV & III and sister of Marie Antoinette; de facto ruler of her husband’s kingdoms, she oversaw many reforms, including revocation of a ban on Freemasonry, enlargement of the navy, and expulsion of Spanish influence; a believer in enlightened absolutism until the French Revolution, during which she made Naples a police state
- August 13, 1890 – Ellen Osiier born, Danish 1924 Olympic champion; winner of the gold medal in the first women’s fencing event in the Olympics, the Women’s Individual Foil competition; her teammate, Grete Heckscher, won the Bronze
- August 13, 1914 – Grace Bates born, American mathematician and academic, one of the few women who earned a Ph.D. in math in the 1940s; she had to fight to get into advanced classes in mathematics in high school and college. She had to petition to become the only woman studying differential equations at Middlebury College, which was segregated by sex. She got her master’s at Brown University in 1938. Bates taught in elementary and secondary schools for several years, then went to the University of Illinois to get her Ph.D., in 1949. She taught at Mount Holyoke College, becoming a full professor, then emeritus before her retirement in 1979; author of The Real Number System and Modern Algebra, Second Course
- August 13, 1943 – Ertha Pascal-Trouillot born, acting President of Haiti (1990-1991), the first woman in Haiti to hold the office; she is also one of the first women in Haiti to earn a law degree. After several years as a federal judge (1975-1988), became the first woman justice on Haiti’s Supreme Court
- August 13, 1947 – Margareta Winberg born, Swedish Social Democratic politician; Swedish Ambassador to Brazil (2003-2007); Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden (2002-2003); Minister of Gender Equality (1998-2002); Minister for Labour (1996-1998); Minister for Agriculture (1994-1996). Outspoken feminist: in her interview for the 2005 Swedish documentary The Gender War, she expressed strong support for radical feminism, particularly feminist sociologist Eva Lundgren’s theory of the process of normalization of violence against women, including the role played by religion, which got Winberg into political hot water
- August 13, 1948 – Kathleen Battle born, American operatic coloratura soprano; she started singing gospel music with the choir at the African Methodist Episcopal Church in her hometown of Portsmouth, Ohio, but her professional career began in 1972 when she auditioned for Thomas Schippers, who chose her to sing the soprano solo in Brahms’ German Requiem at the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto, Italy. This led to more orchestral concerts back in the U.S., a 1973 grant from the Martha Baird Rockefeller Fund for Music to support her career, and her 1975 opera debut in The Barber of Seville with the Michigan Opera Theatre. She was an established artist at the Metropolitan Opera in NY by the 1980s
- August 13, 1963 – Valerie Plame born, American operations officer at the CIA (1985-2006) until her identity as a covert officer was leaked to the press by Richard Armitage of the State Department and Vice President Cheney’s Chief of Staff, Lewis “Scooter” Libby, during the George W. Bush administration; when the information was made public, she resigned, and worked with a ghostwriter on Fair Game: My Life as a Spy, My Betrayal by the White House; since then, she has co-authored with Sarah Lovett a spy novel called Blowback, published in 2013
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- August 14, 1848 – Margaret Lindsay Huggins born, Anglo-Irish astronomer and scientific investigator; her grandfather was an amateur astronomer, and shared his enthusiasm with her from an early age; she was unable to receive formal training in astronomy, but studied by reading many books, and viewing the stars, with her grandfather, and on her own with a spectroscope she constructed; she also became interested in photography. When she was introduced to astronomer William Huggins, it was the beginning of a lifetime collaboration, and they were married in 1875. They were the first to observe and identify hydrogen lines in the spectrum of the star Vega, and observed the Nova Aurigae of 1892. She was in charge of visual observations, and photography, mainly at the Tulse Hill Observatory, while they both kept meticulous notes, and he did more of the writing on publications of their findings. Beginning in the 1880s, she was listed as co-author of their publications, a rare acknowledgement for a woman at the time. They worked together for 35 years as equal partners. After Williams’ death in 1910, Margaret faced increasing health problems of her own. She donated her scientific papers to Wellesley College in the U.S., as she was a supporter of women’s education, and greatly admired the advances American women were making in education, and in opening up career opportunities for women
- August 14, 1895 – Amaza Lee Meredith born, African American architect, artist and educator. Her father was a white master stair builder, and her mother was black. They were unable to marry in Virginia, so they were married in Washington DC. Her father’s business suffered, and he committed suicide in 1915, when she was 20 years old. She never received formal training in architecture both because of her race and her gender, so she became an art teacher at Virginia State College, where she was the founder of the Fine Arts Department. In spite of her lack of training, she designed homes for many friends and family; her most notable design was for Azurest South, her own home which she shared with her companion Dr. Edna Meade Colson. After teaching elementary and high school classes for several years, she moved to New York to attend the Teacher’s College of Columbia University, receiving bachelor’s and master’s degrees in fine arts by 1934. In 1935, she began her career at Virginia State University, and started work on Azuret South, which was completed in 1939. In 1947, she formed the Azurest Syndicate to create Azurest North, an African American leisure community of 120 lots in Sag Harbor, where several homes were her designs. She retired from teaching in 1958, but continued to design buildings through the 1960s
- August 14, 1911 – Ethel Payne born, American writer, journalist and columnist for The Chicago Defender; “The First Lady of the Black Press” with a reputation for asking tough questions; the first African American woman radio and television commentator for a national news organization, for CBS (1972-1982); civil rights activist; associate of the Women’s Institute for Freedom of the Press; inaugural recipient of the Ida B. Wells Distinguished Journalism Chair in 1973
- August 14, 1956 – Erica Flapan born, American mathematician, known for research in low-dimensional topology and knot theory; professor of mathematics at Pomona College in California; recipient of a 2011 Deborah and Franklin Tepper Haimo Award for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics, from the Mathematical Association of America; became a fellow of the American mathematical Society in 2012
- August 14, 1968 – Medy van der Laan born, Dutch Democrats 66 politician and chair or member of various councils and associations; chair of Energie Nederland, an energy company (2014 to present); member of the Supervisory Board of the Consumers Association (2007-2015); chair of the AOC council (2009-2014), a green education organization; Dutch Secretary of State for Culture and Media (2003-2006)
- August 14, 1969 – Tracy Caldwell Dyson born, American chemist and NASA astronaut; Mission Specialist on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 2007, and Expedition 24 drew member on the International Space Station in 2010; she completed three space walks, logging 22 hours, while repairing a malfunctioning coolant pump
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- August 15, 1882 – Marion Eugenié Bauer born, American composer, teacher and author; composed piano, orchestral and voice pieces; associated with New York University and Juilliard; editor of the Musical Leader, author of Twentieth Century Music
- August 15, 1882 – Gisela Richter born, prominent British-American classical archaeologist, art historian and author; attended Girton College (1901-1904) at the University of Cambridge, but Cambridge did not award degrees to women at that time; spent a year at the British School in Athens, then moved to the U.S. in 1905 and became an American citizen in 1917. She was hired as an assistant at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1905, was promoted to assistant curator in 1910, then to associate curator in 1922. Richter was the Met’s first woman curator, of Greek and Roman art (1925- 1948), and one of the most influential figures in classical art history of the day; she wrote several popular books on classical art, which increased the general public’s understanding and appreciation of the subject, including Greek, Etruscan and Roman Bronzes; Animals in Greek Sculpture: A Survey; Roman Portraits; and A Handbook of Greek Art
- August 15, 1886 – Gerty Radnitz Cori born, Jewish Czech-American biochemist; she was one of the few women in medical school in Prague in 1917, where she met Carl F. Cori; they were married upon graduation in 1920, and emigrated to America in 1922. They collaborated on medical research, and published their findings as co-authors at Carl’s insistence, in spite of attempts by the institutions who hired him to discourage the practice; Gerty Cori became the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1947), shared with her husband and Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay (who did related work on the role of the pituitary gland), for their discovery of the mechanism by which glucogen is broken down in muscle tissue into lactic acid, then resynthesized in the body and stored as a source of energy (known as the Cori cycle). They also identified the important catalyzing compound, the Cori ester. She died in 1957, after a ten-year struggle with myelosclerosis, a rare form of bone cancer, but still active in research until the end. In 2004, both Carl and Gery Cori were honored posthumously by the American Chemical Society for their achievements in expanding knowledge of carbohydrate metabolism
- August 15, 1920 – Judy Cassab born as Judit Kaszab in Austria; artist who emigrated to Australia in 1950; first woman to win the Archibald Prize twice, in 1960 and 1967; appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1988
- August 15, 1938 – Maxine Waters born, American Democratic politician; U.S. Representative from California since 1991, member of the Congressional Black Caucus and the Congressional Progressive Caucus; California State Assembly (1976-1990); outspoken opponent of the administrations of both Bushes and Donald Trump
- August 15, 1943 – Eileen Bell born, Northern Irish Alliance Party politician; Member of the Northern Irish Assembly (1998-2007), the second Speaker of the Assembly (2007); General Secretary of the Alliance Party (1986-1993); left politics in 2007, and became the Legislative Advisor and Vice President of Autism NI, a charitable organization which promotes collaboration between parents and professionals, and to support families of children with Autism
- August 15, 1945 – Khaleda Zia born, Bangladeshi politician; Leader of the Opposition (2008-2014); the first woman Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 1991 to 1996, and again from 2001 to 2006; leader of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (1984-2018); found guilty of corruption in 2018 for embezzling funds from an orphanage trust she set up
- August 15, 1951 – Ann Biderman born, American screenwriter and television producer; adapted screenplay for the English language version of Smilla's Sense of Snow; creator and producer of the series Southland and Ray Donovan
- August 15, 1956 – Lorraine Desmarais born, French Canadian jazz pianist and composer
- August 15, 1962 – Inês Pedrosa born, Portuguese author, journalist and playwright; director of the Casa Fernando Pessoa cultural center
- August 15, 1962 – Vilja Toomast born, Estonian politician; member of the Estonian Riigikogu (legislature, 1992-2008), then served in the European Parliament (2009-2013)
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- August 16, 1637 – Emilie Juliane, Countess of Barby-Mühlingen born, most prolific German hymn female writer, with approximately 600 hymns attributed to her
- August 16, 1865 – Mary Gilmore born, Australian writer, journalist, poet, labor movement activist, and crusader for the disadvantaged; inaugural editor of the women’s section of The Australian Worker (1908-1931), advocating for women’s suffrage, pensions for the elderly and invalids, and just treatment of the Aboriginal people. During this time she also wrote for The Bulletin and The Sydney Morning Herald. Her first volume of poetry was published in 1910, which was followed by 20 additional collections; her best known poem is “No Foe Shall Gather Our Harvest” a morale booster during WWII. She was appointed Dame Commander of the British Empire in 1937 for her contributions to literature. By the late 1940s, she was the doyenne of the Sydney literati, and in the 1950s and 60s became a well-known personality on radio and television. At 87, she began writing “Arrows,” a column for The Tribune, the Australian Communist Party’s newspaper (1952-1963), but never joined the party. When Dame Mary died at age 97, she was accorded a state funeral, one of the few writers to be so honored. Her likeness has been featured on the Australian ten-dollar note since 1993
- August 16, 1900 – Ida A. Browne born, Australian geologist and palaeontologist; she graduated from the University of Sydney with Honors in 1922, and won the University medal in geology. She then worked as a demonstrator in geology and petrology at the University (1922-1927), researching the minerals and geology of New South Wales. A Linnean-Macleay Fellowship (1927-1931) enabled her to extend her research, producing extensive mapping of the region, and also paid for travels overseas to research facilities and conferences. In 1932, she was the second woman at the University of Sydney to earn a doctorate in Geology, but was unable to find work in her field; no mining company would hire her because women were forbidden to work underground. She worked for the University again, and was promoted from demonstrator to Assistant Lecturer in palaeontology when Professor W.S. Dun became ill, putting aside her geology studies to gain extensive knowledge of palaeontology, and keep ahead of her students. She became a full lecturer in 1940. Moving from hard rock to soft rock studies, Brown's research evolved into the study of Palaeozoic invertebrates, specifically brachiopods, and stratigraphical studies. She had exceptional mapping skills; her Taemas map continues to be used. She was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1945, but resigned from teaching in 1950 when she married to fellow geologist and colleague, William Rowan Browne. She then worked with him, often in the field, and continued publishing papers under her name. Browne was a member and first woman president of both of the Royal Society of New South Wales (president 1942-1950) and of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (president in 1953); member of the Australian National Research Council, and the Geological Society of Australia
- August 16, 1934 – Diana Wynne Jones born, British author of scifi/fantasy; Howl’s Moving Castle
- August 16, 1947 – Carol Moseley Braun born, American politician and diplomat; U.S. Ambassador to Samoa (2000-2001); U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand (1999-2001); the first African American woman U.S Senator, and first woman U.S. Senator from Illinois (1993-1999); considered centrist or conservative on economic issues, but liberal on social issues; strongly pro-choice, against the death penalty, and in favor of gun control; voted against the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). In 1993, she convinced the Senate Judiciary Committee to reject the United Daughters of the Confederacy’s application for renewal of its design patent because the design contained a Confederate flag. With Senator Barbara Mikulski, in 1993 she broke the ban on women wearing pants on the Senate floor, which was finally amended in 1994 to allow pants on the floor as long they were worn with a jacket. Moseley Braun delivered the eulogy for Thurgood Marshall in 1993
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