It's HOW one uses religion… ideology
Happy,
Peaceful,
Blessed New Year!
* To begin off with the first genocide (in recent history), the Armenian Genocide, whether it was a jihad [1] or not, it has been agreed [2] that religious-ethnic tensions which existed were certainly "exacerbated and given direction by modern organic nationalism."
* Though, "Hitler hated Judaism, but he loathed Christianity, too," [3] Nazi / their collaborators reiterated, in order to inflame, earlier Christian tropes, even infamous blood libel, [4] and overwhelmingly Europe's Churches acknowledge their failure at the time. [5] Yet, there were Catholics confronting Hitler, [6] and there were Christians and other non-Jews who saved Jews, these individual heroes are called Righteous Among the Nations at Yad Vashem. [7]
Among the many levels of stands during WW2 [that uniquely dark period in human history, in scope in annihilating an entire people for no reason or "conflict," the vast overall picking on Jews everywhere, the innumerable unimaginable cruelty], there were:
- A. Those that could have helped save, but chose not to, even not facing fear of the Nazis.
- B. Those that chose to actively help the Nazis in exchange of favors, money.
- C. Those that helped the Nazis, for no compensation.
On the other hand, there were:
- A. Those that chose to save Jews when they didn't face any repercussions.
- B. Those super heroes, super kind human beings, who sacrificed even in face of fear of punishment by Nazis.
* Among the overwhelming tolerant US clergy, there was that "Father" Coughlin. [19].
While the oldest known (US) group using religion into bigotry, is the KKK.
Then came about those "Aryans," "Christian Identity" and other likewise groups.
* The Nazis used the Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini and others [20 (b)], and he himself [8] abused Islam to link it with Nazism. There was Shakib Arslan's propaganda: his involvement in translating Mein Kampf, [9] before becoming "Honorary Aryan," [10] his writing at the Nazi Arabic 'Barid al-Sharq [11] which also included the Mufti's Jihad calls. As well as at Radio Berlin - Voice of Hitler in Arabic - Younis Bahri using Islamic texts [12] (reviewed by Salafi: Taqi al-Din al-Hilali [13]) in Nazi broadcasts (1939-44).
Yet, there were (non-Arab) Muslims such as Albanians [14] who saved Jews. Asides from a unique case of an Egyptian. [15].
The Holocaust, was a European crime in scope, though such massacres as the Farhoud [8 (d)] were: Nazi-Arab Allied Mufti, Rachid al-Gaylani, al-Muthanna / Hitler-Youths modeled Futuwwah and others, as well as persecution in North Africa. The subject here is about use of religion.
Progressive Robert Fisk blames the Mufti for frictions between Christians and Muslims that led to such bloodshed as in the 1990s among the Slavs. [8 (a)] He organized the brutal massacre of Jews in Hebron in 1929, [16] most of them ultra-Orthodox, non-Zionist and even anti-Zionist. [17].
Even before the war, when the murderous of many, Mufti's gang, with the help of his brother Ahmad Shukeiri, murdered Dr. Anwar Shukeiri on June 8, 1939 for being on the Nashashibi side wanting peace with the Jews, the moderate Arab leader R. B. Nashashibi eulogized him as being a true Muslim: "The people of Palestine knew him as a sincere patriot and a true Moslem." [18]
Had this and other moderates not been eliminated, and other radicalization taken place, [20] then the Feb. 1941 poll (88% of Palestine Arabs supporting the Nazi/Fascist Axis) [20(h)] [21] might have been very different.
Ahmad Shukeiri's mentor, Istiqlal's Auni Abd el-Hadi met the Nazis, admiringly. [22] Shukeiri would fondly recall in his book (Beirut, 1969), how he, they all cheered, prayed for Hitler's victory. [23] Then he became actively involved helping Hitler since 1941. [24] And in 1946 he and Jamal al-Husseini had rationalized the Holocaust. [25] On November 30, 1962, Shukeiri promoted Neo-Nazis [26] [32 (a)] -- while quoting [27] NYT's article about them which in fact stated their Nazism [28] -- at the UN and Saudi Arabia fired him over it, weeks later. [29].
* Deir Yassin, though disputed, even if it was exaggerated in order to strike fear at the Arabs, still, it was not kosher, to say the least. It marked the worst misdeed in 1948 on the Zionist side. Perpetrated by inexperienced radical youths. But who protested it at the immediate time? Haredi (very ultra-orthodox) people of Giv'at Shaul decrying that they had a peace pact with the Arabs and denounced them. So did the Rabbinate upon learning of the case. [30].
Worth mentioning the murder of Haredi: Yaakov Yisrael De Haan on July 1, 1924 by radical secular Zionists. For pursuing peace negotiations with the Arabs. [31].
* The 1960's Tacuara - 'Heil Hitler' era, with Nazi leader George Lincoln Rockwell seeking to conduct with them an International Nazi Conference at the time. [32 (a)] Then in cooperation with Arab League's ex-Nazi collaborator [32 (c)] Hussein Triki. Radicals used local Catholics' patriotism for racism.[32 (b), (c)].
* The spread of the militant strand of Buddhists in Asia. [33]. An example outside the Abrahamic faiths.
* The genocide of 3 million, [34] Eastern Pakistan / Bangladesh in 1971, was motivated by both ethnicity and religion - jihad, Pakistani military with Islamists participating. [35]
* Speaking of mass killings and ideology - use/abuse: Communism's Mao Zedong stands outrageously "tall," as to its toll. Under his reign, perishing some 45 Miilion [36] or 65 [37] or 70 Million [38] or even a higher number of Chinese. With the height, in the span of 4 years, "Leap Forward."
* Right below Mao, in "numbers" would probably be Joseph Stalin, though studied to be a priest, at his reign, he abused Marxism-Leninism ideology for personal power. [39].
* Khmr Rouge: between 1.7 million to 3 million fatalities. [40]. Pol Pot: ideologically close to (aforementioned) Stalin's with added Khmer nationalism.
________
NOTES
[1]
Kieser, H. (2020). Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press. pp…
'Armenian genocide was also a jihad.' The Boston Globe, April 14, 2015.
'The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey’s Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924.'
at Armenian Genocide.
[2]
'Let's Be Clear About What the Armenian Genocide Was—and Wasn't.'The New Republic, April 24, 2015.
... religious-ethnic tensions which existed were certainly "exacerbated and given direction by modern organic nationalism."
[3]
'Hitler hated Judaism. But he loathed Christianity, too.'
Washington Post, Apr 20, 2019.
[4]
'Blood Libel.' Holocaust Encyclopedia.
The term blood libel refers to the false allegation that Jews used the blood of non-Jewish, usually Christian children, for ritual purposes. The Nazis made effective use of the blood libel to demonize Jews, with Julius Steicher's newspaper Der Stürmer making frequent use of ritual murder imagery in its antisemitic propaganda.
'Blood Libel: A False, Incendiary Claim Against Jews.'
ADL, 11.30.2012.
Israeli, R. (2017). Blood Libel and Its Derivatives: The Scourge of Anti-Semitism. New York: Routledge.
'Blood Libels, Kidnappings and the Jewish People.' Torchweb, 6/26/14.
'1913 Mendel Beilus trial & debunked misinterpreted verse in Holy Talmud.' DP, Mar 22, 2022.
[5]
'Christianity and the Holocaust.'
Bibliography.
United States, Holocaust Memorial Museum
Ericksen, R. P. (2012). Complicity in the Holocaust: Churches and Universities in Nazi Germany. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
[6]
Catholics Confronting Hitler: The Catholic Church and the Nazis. (2016). San Francisco: Ignatius Press.
[7]
Honoring the Righteous, Yad Vashem.
The Righteous Among the Nations, honored by Yad Vashem, are non-Jews who took great risks to save Jews during the Holocaust. Rescue took many forms and the Righteous came from different nations, religions and walks of life. What they had in common was that they protected their Jewish neighbors at a time when hostility and indifference prevailed.
[8]
(a)
Robert Fisk: The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East, Vintage, 2007, Ch. 11. pp. 360, 362:
By the mid-1990s, the only survivor of the hothouse world of Arab wartime Berlin society still alive was eighty-seven-year-old Wassef Kamal, who had been a supporter of Haj Amin in Baghdad and had made his own way to Nazi Germany via Vichy Syria, Turkey and Bulgaria in 1941: "Most of the Palestinians and Arabs in Germany gathered round Haj Amin and Rashid al-Gaylani, who had also reached Berlin," he recalled for me in 1994..."...
But amid the evil of the Holocaust, Haj Amin's moral position seems untenable. There is, too, in the archives of the wartime BBC Monitoring Service, a series of transcripts from Nazi radio stations that cast a dark shadow over any moral precepts Haj Amin might hace claimed. Here he is, for example, addressing a Balfour Day rally at the Luftwaffe hall in Berlin on 2 November 1943: "The Germans know how to get rid of the Jews . . . They have definitely solved the Jewish problem." And on Berlin radio on 1 March 1944: "Arabs, rise as one man and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history and religion." On 21 January that year, Haj Amin had visited Ante Pavelic's ferocious Fascist state of Croatia—which included present-day Bosnia— where he addressed Muslim recruits to the SS with these words, so sharply in contrast with sentiments expressed in his postwar memoirs: "There are also considerable similarities between Islamic principles and National Socialism, namely, in the affirmation of struggle and fellowship. . . in the ideas of order."
He even played a role in fomenting hatred between Bosnian Muslims and the largely Serb-led partisan force fighting the Germans in Yugoslavia, an anger that burst forth again in the atrocities of 1992.
On 26 May 1944, the BBC Monitoring Service recorded Haj Amin describing Tito as "a friend of the Jews and a foe of the Prophet." In 1943 he received from Heinrich Himmler, the architect of the Holocaust, a telegram recalling for him that “the National Socialist Party had inscribed on its flag 'the extermination of world Jewry.' Our party sympathizes with the fight of the Arabs, especially the Arabs of Palestine, against the foreign Jew."
Radio Berlin later reported that Haj Amin had "arrived in Frankfurt for the purpose of visiting the Research Institute on the Jewish problem."
Did Haj Amin know about the Jewish Holocaust? According to his most meticulous biographer, Zvi Elpeleg—a former Israeli military governor of Gaza who is respected as a historian even by Haj Amin's surviving family—“his frequent, close contacts with leaders of the Nazi regime cannot have left Haj Amin with any doubt as to the fate which awaited the Jews whose emigration was prevented by his efforts." In July 1943, when the extermination camps were already in operation in Poland, Haj Amin was complaining to Joachim von Ribbentrop, the German foreign minister, about Jewish emigration from Europe to Palestine in the following words: “If there are reasons which make their removal necessary, it would be essential and infinitely preferable to send them to other countries where they would find themselves under active control as, for example, Poland. . ." Before his death, Haj Amin was to write that "the Germans settled their accounts with the Jews well before my arrival in Germany," a statement that is factually and historical untrue...
Alia al-Husseini, Haj Amin's granddaughter, recalled for me how her grandfather, in his last years, spoke of Hitler's true aims. "He said that after the Jews, the Germans would destroy the Arabs— he knew this..."
(b)
Schvindlerman, J. (2002). Tierras por paz, tierras por guerra. Argentina: Ensayos Del Sud. 332-3:
As early as 1939, an Arabic-language newspaper, Barid al-Sharq, was published in Berlin for distribution in the Middle East. The mufti's headquarters in Geneva and Istanbul allowed him to spread his espionage activities throughout the Middle East, where he had agents in Palestine, Syria and Iraq as well as maintaining contacts with German intelligence agents in Turkey.
The extent to which Judeophobia ran in al-Huseini's blood was shown by the fact that the mufti drew up a blueprint for the construction of a concentration camp north of Nablus where Jews from the Middle East would be exterminated. In this spirit, in 1940 he requested Germany to "resolve the question of Jewish elements in Palestine and other Arab countries in accordance with the national and racial interests of the Arabs and along similar lines to those used to resolve the Jewish question in Germany and Italy." (emphasis added).
He told a Nazi official that the Jews should leave Palestine, adding "they are free to go to he-ll." On several occasions al-Huseini urged the Third Reich to bomb Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem in an "attack (which) must be carried out with great force to have a lasting effect" as a (then secret) report from the Command of the German Air Force of October 29, 1943...
Sid Goldberg, 'The Grand Mufti and His Friends.' ADL Bulletin, September, 1967. (PDF).
...thousands of Israelis are the sole survivors of families that vanished in the Nazi furnaces. But doubly ironic is the fact that the Soviet and Arab accusers of Israel stand guilty of their own charges. It was Soviet Russia that signed a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany in 1939, a pact which was ultimately broken by Germany, not Russia. Some of the other communist countries which accused Israel ..
also know that route very well. Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania and Slovakia not only were allies of Nazi Germany in World War II but had native Nazi movements that vied in viciousness with the German.
What is less known is the record of the Arabs in World War II. President El-Atassi told the General Assembly, "the Arabs fought in both world wars and contributed to the liberation of Europe from Nazism and to the realization of allied victory."
THE FACT is that Syria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Lebanon did not declare war on Germany until February, 1945, when the war was little more than a mopping up operation by the allies. The Arab declarations of war were made in late February because attendance at the forthcoming San Francisco conference, setting up the United Nations, required a declaration of war on Germany no later than March 1.
The only Arab state that played any military role in the war was Transjordan, which declared war on Germany as early as Transjordan was totally dependent on British grants for its existence, and its army, the Arab legion, was in effect a part of the British Army, under British officers. Iraq declared war on Germany in 1943 after it was clear the Nazis were losing. Before that, pro-nazi sentiment was powerful in Baghdad, and a Nazi puppet government was installed there in 1941 under Rashid Ali, who went so far as to declare war on Britain. Rashid Ali received congratulations from Arab leaders in Egypt (including King Farouk), Lebanon, and Syria.
The latter permitted German bombers and transports to land on its fields while the Nazi regime lasted in Baghdad. The whole temper of the Arab world before and during World War II was neutralist at best, pro-nazi at worst. When Italian troops in August, 1940, invaded Egyptian territory, Egypt did not consider this a cause for war. The fighting was left to the British. Even General Erwin Rommel's invasion of Egypt, in May, 1941, couldn't nudge the Egyptians into a declaration of war. And so strong was the pro-nazi sentiment in Egypt that when Premier Ahmed Maher did declare war-on February 24, he was assassinated while reading the Royal Decree. Arab fighting during World War II was on the side of the Nazis.
Several thousand Arab volunteers were mobilized into Nazi units by the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Hitler's man in the Middle Ease. The Mufti, (Haj Amin El-Husseini), who operated out of Berlin from 1941 to 1945, organized his pro-nazi Arabs into sabotage squads, espionage cells and a fighting unit called the Arab legion. The Mufti also helped organize the Moslems of Bosnia and other Balkan areas into special SS Units called "The Black legions." He praised them as the "cream of Islam" and they were dispatched to the Eastern front in the Caucasus to stir Soviet Moslems into an anti-communist crusade. Some 3,000 of these Mufti troops were held prisoners of war as late as 1946 in Camp Opelika, Alabama.
The Grand Mufti was among the most popular Arab leaders before, during and after the war. So effective was his hate sputtering oratory that few if any Arab leaders dared oppose him. As spiritual and political leader of the Palestine Arabs he had learned to hate Jews in the '20's and '30's as their numbers increased in the land of Zion.
Now 71... the Mufti had been Hitler's chief advisor on Arab affairs and the friend and confidante of Adolf Eichmann. Gideon Hausner, chief prosecutor at the Eichmann trial in Israel, established that "the Mufti asked Gestapo chief Heinrich Himmler co provide him, after the war, when he planned to enter Jerusalem at the head of the axis troops, with a 'special adviser' from Eichmann's department to help him solve the Jewish question in the same way as it had been done in the axis countries. Eichmann offered the job co his assistant, Dieter Wisliceny."
The Grand Mufti spread his anti Jewish venom throughout the war over radio Berlin. He praised the Germans for "knowing how to get rid of Jews." He urged his Arab listeners to "kill the Jews wherever you find them." He gave the number of Jews "still to be dealt with" (in 1944) as 11 million, representing the Jewish populations of America, Russia and other countries beyond Hitler's reach. All this would signify no more than the ravings of one madman-except that the Mufti was returned to his role after the war as leader of the Palestine question.
He directed policy from a lavish and fortified home in Cairo and, as one of the Arab delegates to the United Nations in 1947 said, "the Mufti is the irrefutable leader of the Holy Land Arabs."
To THIS DAY none of the Arab leaders has repudiated the Grand Mufti, or his pro-nazi assistants who worked with him in Berlin during the war. Nor is this tolerance of a Nazi in their midst surprising. Egypt, the chief victim of the "Hitlerite" Israelis, has given sanctuary to hundreds of former Nazis, among them up to 100 of Hitler's rocket and missile experts. Also in Egypt, according to the latest information from the Anti-Defamation League, are the following:
-Colonel Naam Al-Nashar, formerly Leopold Gleim, who was head of German security in Poland. He arrived in Egypt in 1955 and organized the Egyptian security service along Nazi lines.
-Lt. Col. Ben Sala, formerly Bernard Bender, a storm trooper still on the Polish list of war criminals. He is head of the Jewish Department of the Egyptian security service.
- Hassan Soliman, formerly Heinrich Sellmann, wanted by West Germany for crimes committed while he was Gestapo chief in Ulm. He now holds a senior position in the Secret Police in Cairo.
-Col. Ahim Fahumi, formerly Dr. Heinrich Willermann, wanted by West Germany for sterilization experiments he conducted in several Nazi concentration camps. He now runs the Egyptian political prison at Samara, near Alexandria.
- Louis Al-Haj, formerly Louis Heiden, director of a Nazi press agency in Berlin. He is now an adviser to President Nasser and it was he who prepared a pocket-sized Arabic translation of Mein Kampf for Egyptian officers.
- Ibraham Mustafa, formerly Joachim Daemling, wanted by West Germany for crimes committed in Dusseldorf while a storm trooper there. He is an adviser to the Cairo police on concentration camps.
- Ali Mohammed, formerly George Brunner, one of Eichmann's assistants, in charge of deportation of Jews from Greece. He now works in the Egyptian propaganda industry.l The list goes on and on. The Arabs, by raising a "Nazi issue," convict only themselves.
IN WORLD WAR II, 1,300,000 Jews were in uniform in the Allied Armies. In Palestine, 85,800 Jewish men and 50,400 Jewish women volunteered for war service; 27,028 Palestine Jews served with the British forces in various Middle East, North African and European fronts, many in the most hazardous missions...
(c)
Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, 'Photographic Evidence Shows Palestinian Leader Amin al-Husseini at a Nazi Concentration Camp.' Tablet Mag. Apr 07, 2021.
An analysis of photographs sold at a Jerusalem auction house offers new insight into the role of foreign accomplices in Hitler’s Final Solution.
(d)
Edwin Black, 'Can the Farhud, a Slaughter of Jews by Their Longtime Arab Neighbors, Happen Again?'
Besa, June 4, 2021.
The Nazi fueled pogrom in Iraq that led to the Jews leaving the country.' JewishUnpacked May 23, 2022.
Hundreds of Jews were cut down by sword and rifle, some decapitated. Babies were sliced in half and thrown into the Tigris river. Girls were raped in front of their parents. Parents were mercilessly killed in front of their children. Hundreds of Jewish homes and businesses were looted, then burned.
Carole Basri, 'First came the Farhud: The 2-stage ethnic cleansing of Iraqi Jewry.' TOI, June 2, 2021.
Eighty years after slaughter, rape and robbery, after expulsion and dispossession, Iraqi Jews are denied access to a precious archive of their communal history...
"The height of the slaughter occurred at the local hospital where poison injections were administered, causing the deaths of 120 Jewish patients. …The hospital director in charge had his privileges to treat patients as a doctor taken away for five years. Based on estimates, the number of murdered and disappeared is over 1,000 people."
Davis, E. (2005). Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 70.
[9]
Hagay Hacohen, 'Arabic translation of ‘Mein Kampf’...' The Jerusalem Post, Oct 22, 2019.
[10]
The Palestine Post, 16 October 1939.
EMIR SHAKIB ARSLAN AN "HONORARY GERMAN"
[11]
Motadel, David. (2014). Islam and Nazi Germany’s War. United Kingdom: Harvard University Press, p. 88.
Articles in Barid al-Sharq, dominated by the usual anti-British, anti-Communist, and anti-Jewish agitation, also drew on religious themes...
Contributors included the Lebanese pan-Islamist Shakib Arslan and Abdurreshid Ibrahim, who, after his service for Germany during the First World War, had now become imam of the Tokyo Mosque, giving the paper a further pan-Islamic tinge... The journal also published several speeches by members of the Nazi elite, by al-Husayni (including his calls for Jihad)...
The editors of Barid al-Sharq also published an Arabic- language brochure with the title Islam and the Jews (''al-Islam wa-l-Yahud''), based on a series of articles that the journal had run earlier under the same title. Numerous copies were distributed in Tunis. In spring 1942, the German consulate in Tangier reported the "confiscation" of several boxes of the brochure by Spanish officials. Files stored in the archives of the Foreign Office in Berlin indicate that the distribution of Barid al-Sharq in the Tangier zone repeatedly caused friction between German officials and the local Spanish administration during the North African campaign. The SS played only a small role in Germany's propaganda efforts targeting the Middle East and North Africa. Perhaps the most significant example was the attempt by SS officers to portray Hitler as a religious figure.
[12]
Hussein Aboubakr Mansour @HusseinAboubak January 10, 2022 Tweeted:
(1):
The Arabic Voice of Hitler During WWII, Younis Bahri, an Iraqi-born journalist, became the most familiar voice to the Arab masses from Morocco to Iraq. It is common to find him mentioned in memoirs of leaders alive during the period. The Arabic Nazi broadcast service…
(8):
...beginning of the broadcast to get the attention of Muslim listeners. Goebbels was very hesitant and agreed only after he obtained the approval of Hitler. This innovative move would force the BBC to start doing the same and start its broadcasts with Quran in order to compete...
[13]
Morley, N. (2021). Radio Hitler: Nazi Airwaves in the Second World War. United Kingdom: Amberley Publishing. Ch. 17.
[14]
Aida Cama, 'Honor-bound.' DW, December 27, 2012.
Predominantly Muslim Albanians saved almost 2,000 Jews from deportation to the concentration camps during World War II. The family of US author Johanna Jutta Neumann was among those rescued.
'Besa: A Code of Honor
Muslim Albanians Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust.' Yad Vashem
"There is no trace of any discrimination against Jews in Albania, because Albania happens to be one of the rare lands in Europe today where religious prejudice and hate do not exist, even though Albanians themselves are divided into three faiths."
Herman Bernstein, the United States Ambassador to Albania, 1934...
Albania, the only European country with a Muslim majority, succeeded in the place where other European nations failed. Almost all Jews living within Albanian borders during the German occupation, those of Albanian origin and refugees alike, were saved, except members of a single family. Impressively, there were more Jews in Albania at the end of the war than beforehand.
Gershman, N. H. (2008). Besa: Muslims Who Saved Jews WW II. United Kingdom: Syracuse University Press.
[15]
Robert Philpot, 'How an Egyptian doctor saved a Jewish teen in Nazi Berlin.'
TOI, 3 January 2022.
'Anna and Dr. Helmy' by Ronen Steinke tells the true story of an Arab physician who resisted German overtures and helped a girl survive the Holocaust by parading her in plain sight.
[16]
'The Hebron Massacre (August 23, 1929).' JVL.
'Meora'ot Tarpat' - 1929 Hebron massacre, Hebron.
[17]
Golub, A., Golub, B. W. (2005). Kaddishel : a life reborn. Israel: Devora Publishing. p. 175.
He organized the massacre of Jews in Hebron in 1929, most of them ultra-Orthodox, non-Zionist and even anti-Zionist. He made a personal agreement with Franco, Mussolini, and Adolf Hitler to support the Nazis...
[18]
'MURDER OF SHUKEIRI DIRECTED AGAINST ARAB YOUTH'
The Palestine Post June 13, 1939
Condemnation of terrorist methods was voiced by Fakhri Bey Nashashibi, deputy leader of the Arab National Defence Party, in a telegram of condolences to Sheikh Assad al Shukeiri, of Acre, on the death of Dr. Anwar Shukeiri who was shot by terrorists in Acre on Saturday. The which is similar to message, that sent by Ragheb Bey Nashashibi President of the Defence Party was as follows:
The monstrous crime which has caused the death of Anwar must be considered as directed against the courageous, loyal and educated youth. Anwar had accomplished outstanding tasks...
The people of Palestine knew him as a sincere patriot and a true Moslem . It pains me deeply, not to be able to join those who will today be honoured by carrying Anwar's coffin. Down with the criminals who have destroyed the country and caused the suffering to its inhabitants."
Annotated Supreme Court Judgments [Palestine]. Vol.1 (1941). S. Bursi. p.53:
..a most cowardly and despicable crime. To call out a doctor under a false pretence on an errand of mercy, and then to shoot him in cold blood, is an act which it is beyond words to describe in adequate terms of condemnation.
Aryeh Disenchik, 'Night at Shukeiri's Home in Acre.' Maariv, Friday, October 21, 1949, pp. 2, 11.
Dr. Anwar Shukeiri, who was murdered by the gangs.. in the Acre market, for - according to the gangs, not only a Nashashibi man, but also a friend of the Jews, therefore - a "traitor." ...
Mutual hatred reached its peak when the youngest member of the family, Dr. Anwar Shukeiri, was murdered in the Acre market by two gangs of gang emissaries...
The two murderers were apprehended and at trial confessed that they had been sent by the Mufti to murder the young Shukeiri.
Further investigation revealed that the hand of his brother, Ahmad Shukeiri, was involved in the murder of Dr. Anwar Shukeiri.
The Palestine Post, 11 June 1939.
'FUNERAL OF DR. ANWAR SHUKEIRI ARAB PHYSICIAN MURDERED BY ARABS IN ACRE.'
ACRE, Saturday . — Thousands of mourners joined in the funeral procession, which took place at one o'clock yesterday, of Dr. Anwar Shukeiri, who was murdered on Thursday.
Shops throughout the town were closed, and the mourners included men and women from many neighbouring villages, where Dr. Shukeiri was particularly well-loved among the poorer classes whom he, had often been known to give free treatment.
The young doctor, a graduate of the American University of Beirut, was the son of Sheikh Assad Shukeiri, the noted Moslem leader of Acre who is a leading supporter of the National Defence Party, and at one time an aspirant to the Presidency of the Moslem Supreme Council.
DECOYED
It is learned that two Arabs came to the house of Dr. Shukeiri on Thursday morning and asked him to visit a patient. He followed them into the street, and when he stepped out of his car at Fakhoura Square, several shots out and he colrang lapsed, unconscious. After being given first aid treatment at Acre he was rushed to the Haifa Government Hospital, where he succumbed to his wounds an hour and a half later.
His body [today] was taken to Acre for burial. At the grave-side several eulogies were delivered, and a sister of the murdered man was heard to out cry, "Down with the Mufti and his followers."
The funeral took place on the day when Dr. Shukeiri was to have become engaged to the daughter of Haj Nimmer Naboulsi, a notable of Nablus.
'Falastin', the Mufti's organ reported the murder of Dr. Shukeiri very briefly, publishing only the official communique.
'Ahmad Shukeiri, the servants of many masters.' Davar, December 3, 1965.
His brother, Dr. Anwar Shukeiri, was murdered by the Mufti of Jerusalem's gangs because he was suspected by them of being moderate to the Jews. Ahmed Shukeiri said about this: "He deserved it, this traitorous dog..."
Osama Al-Issa, in a blog post, on April 5, 2011 (a day after the assassination of Juliano Mer Khamis):
لم يكن اغتيال المخرج والممثل جوليانو مير خميس، أمس الثلاثاء، أول اغتيال يطال مبدعين فلسطينيين، في حوادث اغتيال يُعتقد بانها داخلية، ارتكبها أو شارك فيها فلسطينيون.
وقد تكون أولى عمليات الاغتيال الداخلية التي شهدتها فلسطين، أبان الثورة الفلسطينية الكبرى (1936-1939)، حدثت بأوامر من القيادات الرسمية للحركة الوطنية الفلسطينية، وعلى رأسها الحاج امين الحسيني، المتنفذ وصاحب الشعبية الطاغية، ومن بين هذه الاغتيالات مَنّ كان ضحيتها الدكتور أنور الشقيري، في عكا، وهو شقيق احمد، الذي سيصبح اول رئيس لمنظمة التحرير الفلسطينية.
The assassination of director and actor Juliano Mer Khamis, yesterday, Tuesday, was not the first assassination of Palestinian creators, in assassinations believed to be internal, committed or participated in by Palestinians.
The first internal assassinations that Palestine witnessed, during the Great Palestinian Revolution (1936-1939), occurred on the orders of the official leaders of the Palestinian national movement, headed by Haj Amin al-Husseini, the influential and the owner of the tyrannical popularity, and among these assassinations was the one whose victim was Dr. Anwar al-Shukairy, in Acre, and is the brother of Ahmad, who would become the first president of the Palestine Liberation Organization.
[19]
' "Radioactive: The Father Coughlin Story" Study Guide.' PBS, Mar 9, 2022.
'Charles E. Coughlin.' Holocaust Encyclopedia.
.
Throughout the 1930s, Charles E. Coughlin was one of the most influential men in the United States. He was a Catholic priest in the metro Detroit area who became politically active. Foreshadowing modern talk radio and televangelism, Coughlin led radio broadcasts that reached tens of millions listeners. He broadcast religious services with political overtones and expressed antisemitic views. He also voiced pro-Nazi opinions that made him a person of interest for the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1942.
Thomas Doherty, 'The Deplatforming of Father Coughlin.'
Slate, Jan 21, 2021.
The story of the anti-Semitic radio priest offers an intriguing analog-age precedent to the digital-age debates over the limits of free expression.
The oldest known group using teligion into bigotry, is the Ku Klux Klan, SPLC.
Quarles, C. L. (1999). The Ku Klux Klan and Related American Racialist and Antisemitic Organizations: A History and Analysis. United Kingdom: McFarland.
Wexler, S. (2015). America's Secret Jihad: The Hidden History of Religious Terrorism in the United States. United Kingdom: Counterpoint.
[20]
(a)
"NOBLE HITLER" — SAYS 'FALASTIN'
The Palestine Post, May 22, 1933.
'Noble Hitler — Says Falastin'
Falastin considers the Jews to be quite in the wrong in their criticism of anti-Jewish acts in Germany.
"Hitler is Innocent [sic] and Noble [sic], strong and beloved by his people and has succeeded in saving his country from the vile ( sic ) Jews."
The Elders of Zion are also dragged into Falastin's article. They rule the world ... writes the Jaffa paper.
Erlich, H. (2002). The Middle East Between the World Wars. Open University of Israel. p.81.
... the journalism of the time (the same study by the historian Dr. Mustafa Kabha) shows a great deal of admiration for the power and solidity of Nazi Germany's achievements. May 14, 1933 The first months of the reign of the German dictator and exclaimed: "Will an Arab Hitler appear among us to awaken, unite and lead us to lead us to fight and defend our rights?"
Al-Difa's newspaper had long published translated excerpts from Hitler's Mein Kampf's book.
He kept a regular correspondent in Berlin who persisted in sending sympathetic articles about the achievements of the Nazi regime. The paper's editor, Ibrahim al-Shanti, called on Arab youth (in an article from June 1, 1934) to "learn from Hitler's actions and imitate them in order to achieve similar national achievements." The Jaffa-based ''Falastin'', which criticized Mussolini, supported Hitler, as did almost all the other newspapers...
The first page of the Jaffa-based ''Falastin'' issue dated April 29, 1939. The headline announces "Hitler's historic speech," in which he rejects the Roosevelt letter, the cancellation of the naval agreement with Britain and the cancellation of the nonaggression pact on Poland. In the center of the page, around the image of the brazened face of the Nazi ruler.. the body of the report, the subtitle summarizes other parts of Hitler's speech...
(b)
Schwanitz, W. G., Rubin, B. (2014). Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. United Kingdom: Yale University Press. p. 247.
The career of Kamil Muruwwa [Kamel Mrowa] provides a good example of how veteran pro-Nazis shaped public thinking. In 1933, as a young editor of the Beirut newspaper an-Nida, he wrote von Ribbentrop that all Arab youth were enthusiastically pro-Hitler. Muruwwa translated parts of Mein Kampf into Arabic in 1934 and published it in daily installments. A German official recommended putting him on the payroll.
(c)
'Arab Youths Found Nazi Club in Haifa.' The Sentinel, July 11, 1935; 'Arabs in Haifa Form Nazi Club; Well Financed.' JTA, Jul 1, 1935; 'Arabs In Haifa Form Nazi Club; Well Financed.'
The Canadian Jewish Chronicle, Jul 5, 1935.
"The Red Moon" Is Part Of Near East Drive By Hitler regime.
The club has already established headquarters and goes under the name of "The Red Moon."
Apparently the organization has strong backers, for all of its deficits are promptly met, and it seems able to draw upon unlimited financial resources.
This is viewed as another manifestation of an intensive Nazi anti-Semitic activity sponsored by the Hitler government, and which has broken out throughout Palestine and the Near East. Nazi agents have appeared in various parts of the country in an attempt to incite the Arabs against the Jews. They have been particularly successful among Arab nationalist youth.
Groups of brown-clad Arab youths are now organized in the larger cities.
Recently the Federation of Arab Youth in Palestine petitioned Hitler to help them prevent the Jews from obtaining additional land in Palestine.
(d)
Ziff, William Bernard. (1938). The Rape of Palestine. New York: Longmans, Green And Co., p. 430:
On October 22, 1933, it was announced that Eissael Bendek, member of the Arab Executive's Administrative Bureau, would direct a propaganda campaign in the interests of the Nazi Party.
On June 8, 1934 the Jerusalem Arab daily, Mukkattam, reported the formation of an Arab Nazi Youth Organization.
The French Weekly, Marianne, reported in 1937 that a great part of the arms employed in the rebellion were supplied by the Suhl and Erfurter Gewehrfabrik of Germany, which sent, in particular, many rifles and machine-guns.
The Arab journals Falastin and Al Difa[a] published regularly articles of a racial nature, together with large portraits of the various leaders of the Third Reich. They did not even attempt to conceal the fact that they had become tools of the Ministry of Propaganda in Berlin. The shout of 'Heil Hitler' became a catchword which rang insolently over all Palestine.
(e)
'Arabs Like Nazis , Says Moslem.'
The Sentinel, 25 February 1937.
Arabs Like Nazis , Says Moslem
Berlin, Feb. 23 (WNS) — The Arab national movement has much in common with Nazism, the Voelkische Beobachter reports Auni Bey Hadi , leader of the Arab Independence Party [Istiqlal] and member of the Arab High Committee [AHC] in Palestine, as having told its correspondent. The Nazi paper says that the Arab leader made a thorough study of Hitler's Mein Kampf while he was in a... camp in Palestine. He is also quoted as advising Germany to study the Arab market in Palestine because the Arabs are boycotting all goods made or sold by Jews.
(f)
'ALL ARABS CELEBRATE PRO PHET'S BIRTHDAY; Christians Join Moslems in Fete Unprecedented in Palestine--Hitler and Duce Cheered.' Wireless to The New York Times, May 23, 1937.
Swastikas Fly As Arabs Mark Mohammed's Birthday, JTA, May 23, 1937.
Nazi flags and pictures of Hitler and Mussolini were being displayed by many Arab shops in the Old City today in connection with the celebration of Mohammed’s birthday.
Arab children thronged the teeming section’s narrow, winding streets, shouting: "Death to the High Commissioner (Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope)! Death to the Jews!"
Booklets explaining Nazi methods of forcing Jews from the Reich are being distributed freely.
Arabs in Haifa and Jaffa prepared for the birthday celebrations, scheduled for today and tomorrow, by proclaiming a work stoppage and organizing demonstrations.
The Government Education Department issued orders prohibiting Arab pupils to participate in the demonstrations. Arabs newspapers, however, are urging the pupils to disobey.
(g)
Yaakov Lappin, 'Nazis 'shipped arms to Palestinians.' YNet, May 7, 2006.
British National Archives unveil presence of Nazi S.S. agents in Mandatory Palestine, working closely with Palestinian leaders...
'Arabs admire our Fuhrer' - "The Palestinian Arabs show on all levels a great sympathy for the new Germany and its Fuhrer, a sympathy whose value is particularly high as it is based on a purely ideological foundation," a Nazi official in
Palestine wrote in a letter to Berlin in 1937.
(h)
'Did Palestinians Back the Nazis in World War II?'
Daily Alert, May 19, 2022.
In his books - Closed Case and The Hidden Side of Nazism and the Holocaust - he claims that 9,000 Palestinian and Jordanian Arabs did enlist in the British Army during the war (in comparison with 27,000 Jews). But from the moment it became evident that the Germans may pass through Egypt and reach Palestine in spring 1942, Palestinian Arabs switched sides. About 78% of the Arab volunteers deserted the British army, often stealing weapons for the purpose of helping the Germans fight the Jews when the time came. Additionally, a survey in 1941 showed that 88% of Palestinian Arabs supported Nazi Germany, while only 9% backed the British Mandate...
(i)
'Former Jordanian Health Minister Dr. Zaid Hamzeh: We Arabs Supported Hitler During WWII Because He Hated The Jews.' Memri, Nov 8, 2019.
"We took to the streets to support him when the Rashid Ali Al-Gailani revolution broke out in Iraq. We supported the revolution, and, of course, [we supported] Hitler, because he hated the Jews, and we have been mad at the Jews ever since those days."
[21]
Morris, B. (2008). 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. United States: Yale University Press. p. 21:
The Palestinians, Khalil al-Sakakini, a Christian Jerusalem educator , jotted down in his diary, "rejoiced [as did 'the whole Arab world'] when the British bastion at Tobruk fell .. to the Germans."
One of the first public opinion polls in Palestine, conducted by al-Sakakini's son, Sari Sakakini, on behalf of the American consulate in Ierusalem, in February 1941 found that 88 percent of the Palestinian Arabs favored Germany and only 9 percent Britain.
[22]
Mallmann, Klaus-Michael., Cüppers, Martin. (2010). Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine. United Kingdom: Enigma Books, pp. 38-9:
According to the German consul in Jaffa, Timotheus Wurst, in late March 1936 the Muslim Palestinians were "deeply impressed by fascist, particularly National Socialist, teachings and views. National Socialism, with its anti-Jewish notions, has struck a chord among the Arabs of Palestine... battle against Zionism. Among the Arabs, fascism and National Socialism have in many cases become the standards against which all other political systems and teachings are measured, and, in the eyes of many Arabs, Adolf Hitler is without a doubt simply the most important man of the 20th century. Our Führer's popularity is so great that there can hardly be a single Arab, even the lowliest peasant, who doesn't know the name of Hitler."
Like the Boy Scouts, the Istiqlal Party in particular has "embraced the National Socialist theses to the greatest extent.
The Istiqlal Party organ, The Defense, has a markedly National Socialist orientation."
One year later, the Völkischer Beobachter printed an interview with the party's president, Auni Abd el-Hadi.
In the interview, he admitted proudly that while he was interned by the British he had thoroughly worked through the English translation of Mein Kampf.
[23]
Elie Kedourie (Professor of Politics Emeritus). (1974). Arabic Political Memoirs and Other Studies. Psychology Press, p. 189.
Encounter. (1972). United Kingdom: Encounter Limited. p. 76.
[24]
Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress, United States. Congress, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965, p. 455-6.
Ahmed Shukairy, the self-proclaimed spokesman for the Arab refugees — a man who worked for the Nazis and their henchmen during World War II...
Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ..., Volume 107, Part 24, United States Congress 1961, p. 5735.
Prevent World War III., Issues 58-64. Society for Prevention of World War III, 1961, p. 25.
when Soviet Russia joined the Allies, Shukairy's group split with the Communists, and went all out for Hitler.
[25]
B'nai B'rith Messenger, 12 July 1946.
'Behind the British Conspiracy.'
Out in Jerusalem, in an office, situated ironically on Bethlehem Road, where, according to Jewish legend Mother Rachel weeps at midnight over the plight of her children, the people of Israel, I met Achmed Shukeiri, chief of the Arab office, who restituted in his conversation the words of Goebbels, justified the murder of six million Jews of Europe because Hitler could not have been all wrong... and warned that his side was ready to "play along with Moscow." They always are ready to play along, the boys of the Husseini-Shukeiri mob.
SEEING BOTH SIDES
Outside the Young Men's Christian Association building in Jerusalem, where the hearings of the Anglo-American Inquiry committee were being held at the time, I met Jamal el Husseini, he issued the same warning as Shukeiri (he being Shukeiri's chief) of playing along with Moscow, and reiterated his justification of the mass murder of six million Jews "for Hitler couldnt be all wrong. . . you have got to see both sides of a question, my man, both sides of a question. . . "
Jamel Husseini saw both sides so well that he joined in igniting, at a time most critical for the Allies, the Iraq coup d'etat in an effort to gauleiter the Middle East into Hitler's Welt-Raum scheme...
[26]
Congress Bi-weekly, Vol. 29, Iss. 9-17, American Jewish Congress., 1962, p. 2.
[27]
Facts. (1967). United States: Anti-defamation League of B'nai B'rith. Vol. 17. p. 424:
... instance, he declared: "I have never been an anti-Semite; I am a Semite myself." This semantic dodge has long been used by anti-Jewish Arab bigots, and by their supporters in the American anti-Jewish press, to obfuscate the palpable.
During his various tenures as a delegate to the United Nations, Shukairy demonstrated virulent hatred of Israel and Jews which transcended even the passionate excesses other Arab delegates brought to the same subjects.
In 1962 at the U.N., Shukairy even went so far as to praise the militant, anti-Jewish and neo-Nazi storm-troop gang in Argentina know as Tacuara. He said: "Recently in Argentina, as was reported in The New York Times..."
[28]
The New York Times, Sept. 16, 1962:
Argentine Youths in Nazi Group Salute and Cry: 'Hail Tacuara!'; Anti-Semitic Organization, Said to Be Growing, Asserts It Fights 'Zionism, Capitalism and Communism' Tells About Drills He Doubts Charges.
[29]
'Israel’s Relations with Non-arab Lands in Middle East Irk Arabs,' JTA, September 12, 1963.
Mr. Shukairy was fired from his UN post by the Saudi Arabian Government last winter, after some Arab representatives felt he had gone too far in the diatribes against Israel by calling upon the UN to encourage formation of anti-Semitic organizations similar to the Tacuara movement in Argentina.
[30]
'Zionism’s original sin? Deir Yassin, Passover, and the long road to Jerusalem.'
TOI, Apr, 10, 2017
Deir Yassin was one of the villages that had made a peace treaty with the Jews of the Yishuv, and in particular, with the Haredi community of Givat Shaul, just across the valley. According to Meir Pa’il, a Palmach officer, a crowd from Givat Shaul even intervened on behalf of the villagers. He says they “came into the village and started yelling ‘gazlanim, rotzchim‘ — thieves, murderers — ‘we had an agreement with this village. It was quiet. Why are you murdering them?'”
[31]
'90 years since the murder of R. Yaakov Israel de Haan.'
Bhol, Jul 10, 2014.
Wein, B. (1990). Triumph of Survival: The Story of the Jews in the Modern Era 1650-1990. N.Y.: Mesorah Publications Limited. p. 322.
Hostility Breeds Violence
...In the early 1920s a young Jewish assimilated intellectual by the name of Jacob deHaan 19 began a tortuous return to Judaism. From being a bohemian and an atheist, and living a dissolute life, he eventually rehabilitated himself and rose to become the "foreign minister" of the Yishuv Hayashan, representing this element of Jewry before the official commissions of England and the world.
A sophisticated, worldly person since his earlier career was as an influential, well-connected journalist and lawyer in his native Holland, deHaan articulated brilliantly the essence of the case against secular Zionism and was unsparing in his words and relentless in his presentation. It was learned that he was carrying on secret negotiations with the Emir Abdullah, ruler of Trans-Jordan , which, if successful, would have established the Yishuv HaYashan as a dominant factor. His skills and success infuriated hus opponents and incurred opponents and incurred their hatred.
In June 1924, de Haan was shot dead leaving the synagogue in Shaarei Zedek Hospital in Jerusalem.
[32]
(a)
Worldwide Expose of Anti-Semitism:
Bigotry's Internationalization Leades to Test in UN, Appeal to World to Avoid Resurgence.' DJN, Dec 7, 1962.
Dramatic exposes of attempts to internationalize the anti-Semitic movement, an Arab spokesman's brazen appeal to bigotry at the United Nations and the revelations of the extent of the worldwide movement of hate contained in current studies of the issue marked the Week's development in many spheres.
A two-day conference of the World Jewish Congress, held in London last week-end, attended by representatives of 15 European countries, issued an appeal to the United Nations, all democratic governments and religious groups of all denominations to join "in energetic measures to halt increasing activities by Nazi-Fascist organizations which stir up anti-Semitic and racial hatreds in order to destroy human liberty."
Proof that "the heirs and successors" of Hitler Nazism are attempting to form a worldwide anti-Semitic organization under the temporary leadership of George Lincoln Rockwell, and planning to hold a world congress of Nazi-Fascists in Argentina, was submitted at the United Nations to Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan, president of the General Assembly, in the form of a photo-copy letter from Rockwell, leader of the American Nazi Party, by Dr. Maurice L. Perlzweig, head of the World Jewish Congress department of international affairs.
The Rockwell letter, dated last Oct. 3, written on swastika-emblazoned stationery of the American Nazi Party, and concluded with "Heil Hitler," was addressed to three persons in Buenos Aires, identified as Ferreyra, Dubrow and Muller, of the Argentine National Socialist Front.
Rockwell took over world leadership of the Nazi movement this fall, when Colin Jordan, British leader of the movement, was jailed for a nine-month term after being convicted of violating Britain's Public Order Act through the holding of anti-Semitic demonstrations.
While these revelations were taking place, there was a shocking demonstration of bigotry at a session of the Special Political Committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations, at which an Arab spokesman resorted to the vilest type of venom against the Jews. So revolting was his speech that even delegates from other Arab nations have begun to favor a move for that bigot's expulsion from the international body.
The move for the recall by Saudi Arabia of its permanent representative to the UN, Ahmad Shukairy, appeared to be under way with Arab diplomats heading the drive. The desire for Shukairy's removal from the UN scene, long contemplated by more moderate Arabs here, gained heavy impetus after the official Saudi Arabian spokesman declared openly a "salute" to the anti-Semitic Tacuara movement in Argentina and proposed that the UN "adopt" the Tacuara movement.
Shukairy's salute to the "Tacuara" movement was voiced Friday before the General Assembly's Special Political Committee which is currently debating the Arab issue. Lucio Garcia del Solar, Argentine representative in the committee, immediately objected to the Shukairy "salute," telling the United Nations that his people and government reject everything that Tacuara advocates.
Embarrassed Arab diplomats, annoyed for many years by Shukairy's intemperate attacks against Israel and Jews, let it be known that they are asking the Saudi government to take Shukairy away from the UN. Some of the Arab diplomats apologized personally not only to Argentinians here but also to other Latin Americans, volubly assuring all that they felt Shukairy had gone much too far in his anti-Israeli drive by endorsing an open neo-Nazi movement like Tacuara.
A sharp protest - against Shukairy's endorsement of Tacuara was received by Dr. Leopoldo Benites of Ecuador, chairman of the committee in which Shukairy called for the "adoption" of Tacuara, from Label A. Katz, president of Bnai Brith, who visited Argentina last summer and probed into the neo-Nazi movement there.
The World Jewish Congress conference in London at which the appeal was issued for worldwide action was summoned to examine the revival of Nazi-Fascist anti-Semitism in various parts of the world.
The conference also mapped an action program, including legislative, educational and similar actions in cooperation with church groups and humanitarian organizations "to curb Nazi-Fascist activities."...
(b)
Sociological Abstracts. United States: Sociological Abstracts, 1967. p. 479:
0400 Group Interactions
10 Interactions between (large) groups
(Race relations, group relations, etc.)
Adin, Julio, NATIONALISM AND NEO - NAZISM IN ARGENTINA,
In the Dispersion, 1966, 5/6, Spr, 139-160.
A survey of Argentine anti-Semitism represented by neo-Nazi & nat'list groups. It is held that "since the end of WWII Argentina has gradually become a hive of neo-Nazi activities, for the following reasons: it has a large German community still loyal to the "old country" & pro-Nazi in its "vast majority" in WWII . It is econ'ly strong & was reinforced by immigration in the 30's & 40's.
Under Peron it had a great deal of influence in the armed forces; after his fall it was reinforced by Nazi refugees.
The neo-Nazis have worked together with the native nat'lists who organized a pogrom as early as Dec 1918. Since the fall of Peron the nat'lists have started terrorist org's of an ultra-nat'list & anti-Jewish character. The chief anti-Jewish org's are analyzed: the Nat'l Socialist Movement (neo-Nazi), the Tacuara Nat'list Movement (nat'list) & the Reconstructionist Nat'list Guard (aristocratic & ultra-Catholic); also the Nazi influence in the Argentine armed forces, "on the increase over the last 2 yrs." However, "the most important neo-Nazi front org today is the Arab League" led by a pro-Nazi Arab, Triki. One of his creations is the "Aryan Knights of the Ku Klux Klan."
The Argentines' recent pol'al & econ troubles make the Jews ideal scapegoats. There has been a recent recrudescence of anti-Semitic activities & assaults on Jews which the gov has done little or nothing to stop.
It is concluded: "Since the time of writing, in Dec 1964, no signif. changes have ensued in Argentina. The anti-Semitic movement still operates freely under the protection of the Church & of various army leaders.
Attacks on Jews have not increased but pol'al & ideological propaganda ... has mounted in intensity.
I. Langnas.
Bezymenskiĭ, L. (1966). Tracing Martin Bormann. Russia: Progress Publishers. p. 150:
Dr. Mengele, before he left for Paraguay, lived on the outskirts of Buenos Aires in a house guarded by Tacuara members. Tacuara has lately become extremely active. One of its new leaders is Horst Eichmann, son of Adolf Eichmann...
(c)
Rein, R. (2022). Jewish Self-Defense in South America: Facing Anti-Semitism with a Club in Hand. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Ch. 4.
[33]
'Militant Buddhist nationalism is on the rise in both Myanmar and Sri Lanka,' ABC (Australia), Oct 20, 2018.
Iyer, V. (2000). States of Emergency: The Indian Experience. India: Butterworths India. p. 132.
(b)
Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. (2013). United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 263.
[36]
Ilya Somin, 'Remembering the biggest mass murder in the history of the world.' The Washington Post, Aug 3, 2016.
[37]
Lee Edward's, 'The Legacy of Mao Zedong is Mass Murder.' Heritage, Feb 2, 2010.
[38]
(a)
'Did Mao Really Kill Millions in the Great Leap Forward? ' Mronline, Sep 21, 2006.
(b)
Geoffrey York,
'Mao Zedong: Sacred symbol and bloodiest mass killer.' The Globe and Mail, Aug 2, 2005.
[39]
(a)
Sebag
Montefiore, S. (2009). Young Stalin. United Kingdom: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
(b)
Joseph Stalin (1879 - 1953). JVL.
Childhood and Early Years
Born in Gori, Georgia on December 18, 1878, to illiterate peasant parents (who had been serfs at birth), his harsh spirit has been blamed on undeserved and severe beatings by his father, inspiring vengeful feelings towards anyone in a position to wield power over him (perhaps also a reason he became a revolutionary). His mother set him on a path to become a priest, and he studied Russian Orthodox Christianity until he was nearly twenty.
His involvement with the socialist movement began at seminary school, from which he was expelled in 1899. From there on he worked for a decade with the political underground in the Caucasus. He soon followed Vladimir Lenin’s ideology about centralism and a strong party of “professional revolutionaries.” His practical experience made him useful in Lenin’s Bolshevik Party leading up to the 1917 October Revolution (in which he played no direct part).
Rise to Power
Stalin spent his first years after the revolution building his post as general secretary secretly into the most powerful one in the communist party. After Lenin’s death in 1924, a triumvirate of Stalin, Lev Kamenev, and Grigory Zinoviev governed against Leon Trotsky (on the left wing of the party) and Nikolai Bukharin (on the right wing of the party). Soon after, Stalin switched sides and joined with Bukharin. Together, they fought a new opposition of Trotsky, Kamenev, and Zinoviev. By 1928, (the first year of the Five-Year Plans) Stalin’s supremacy was complete. From this year, he could be said to have exercised control over the party and the country (although the formalities were not complete until the Great Purges of 1936-1938).
The final stage of Stalin’s rise to power was the assassination of Trotsky in Mexico in 1940, where he had lived since 1936 (he was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929.). Indeed, after Trotsky’s death only two members of the “Old Bolsheviks” (Lenin’s Politburo) remained - Stalin himself and his foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov.
Purges and Mass Murders
Stalin consolidated his power base with the Great Purges against his political and ideological opponents, most notably the old cadres and the rank and file of the Bolshevik Party. Measures used against them ranged from imprisonment in work camps (Gulags) to assassination (such as that of Leon Trotsky and Sergei Kirov). Several show trials were held in Moscow, to serve as examples for the trials that local courts were expected to carry out elsewhere in the country. There were four key trials from 1936 to 1938, The Trial of the Sixteen was the first (December 1936); then the Trial of the Seventeen (January 1937); then the trial of Red Army generals, including Marshal Tukhachevsky (June 1937); and, finally, the Trial of the Twenty-One (including Bukharin) in March 1938.
Under the pretext of constructing ‘socialism in one country,’ Stalin terrorized large segments of the Soviet population, such as the Kulaks, a term for prosperous farmers who were disinherited when agriculture was collectivized. He also orchestrated a massive famine in the Ukraine in which an estimated five million people died. It is believed that with the purges, forced famines, state terrorism, labor camps, and forced migrations, Stalin was responsible for the death of as many as 40 million people within the borders of the Soviet Union.
[40]
(a)
Casey, Quackenbush, '40 Years After the Fall of the Khmer Rouge, Cambodia Still Grapples With Pol Pot's Brutal Legacy.' Time, Jan 7, 2019.
(b)
Hannah Beech, 'Khmer Rouge’s Slaughter in Cambodia Is Ruled a Genocide.' The New York Times, Nov 15, 2018.