“If you like to eat nutritious fruits and vegetables, you should thank an insect. If you like salmon, you can thank a tiny fly that the salmon eat when they're young. The whole fabric of our planet is built on plants and insects and the relationship between the two.” Scott Black, executive director of the Portland, Ore.-based Xerces Society, a nonprofit environmental group that promotes insect conservation in a interview with the Washington Post.
Not long ago, a lengthy drive on a hot day wouldn't be complete without scraping bug guts off a windshield. But splattered insects have gone the way of the Chevy Nova — you just don't see them on the road like you used to.
Biologists call this the windshield phenomenon. It's a symptom, they say, of a vanishing population.
A new study published in PLOS One is shocking scientists across the world as it portends a catastrophic blow to the biosphere on which we all depend on for survival. Researchers in Germany evaluated 27 years of insect collection data in “protected” areas and determined that the biomass of flying insects had fallen by a seasonal average of 76%. Insects pollinate most flowers on earth. They are also prey for other wildlife and the scale of the loss has huge implications for a over-populated world that is dependent on them for producing most of our food.
The Guardian reports:
“Insects make up about two-thirds of all life on Earth [but] there has been some kind of horrific decline,” said Prof Dave Goulson of Sussex University, UK, and part of the team behind the new study. “We appear to be making vast tracts of land inhospitable to most forms of life, and are currently on course for ecological Armageddon. If we lose the insects then everything is going to collapse.”
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“If total flying insect biomass is genuinely declining at this rate – about 6% per year – it is extremely concerning,” she said. “Flying insects have really important ecological functions, for which their numbers matter a lot. They pollinate flowers: flies, moths and butterflies are as important as bees for many flowering plants, including some crops. They provide food for many animals – birds, bats, some mammals, fish, reptiles and amphibians. Flies, beetles and wasps are also predators and decomposers, controlling pests and cleaning up the place generally.”
Climate News Network writes on the study.
The decline was consistent regardless of the type of habitat – dunes, heathland, rich and poor grasslands, wastelands, shrub cover and so on – and changes of land use or weather, or shifts in the habitat itself offered no obvious explanation. Researchers have identified reasons that one species, or a group of insects, might be at risk from climate change, perhaps because earlier flowering disrupts the feeding cycle or because the mix of species in an ecosystem changes with rising temperatures.
But there has always been an unspoken assumption that other species or groups of species may be likely to benefit from the change, by extending their range. The study is based on observations made only in one country. However, the finding implies that ecosystems across the whole of Europe could be affected, on a huge scale and at every level.
“As entire ecosystems are dependent on insects for food and as pollinators, it places the decline of insect-eating birds and mammals in a new context. We can barely imagine what would happen if this downward trend continues unabated,” says Hans de Kroon, an ecologist at Radboud University in Nijmegen in the Netherlands, one of the authors.
“The only thing we can do right now is to maintain the utmost caution. We need to do less of the things that we know have a negative impact, such as the use of pesticides, and prevent the disappearance of farmland borders full of flowers. But we also have to work hard at extending our nature reserves and decreasing the ratio of reserves that border agricultural areas.” – Climate News Network
Climate Change Could Wipe Out One-Third of Earth's Parasite Species by 2070
Parasites give everybody the heebie-jeebies. And yet, they too provide a critical role in the survival of life on earth.
Parasites, they found, could be one of the most threatened groups of organisms on Earth. Depending on the climatic model (little change vs. worst case scenario), many parasite species lost a substantial proportion of their known range, the biggest predictor for species extinction.
Fleas and ticks were hit hardest, while some types of parasites, such as lice, actually had an expanded range in some scenarios.
In total, the researchers concluded that climate change could cause the extinction of up to one-third of parasite species by 2070.
Though we usually think of parasites as bugs that can make us sick, these creatures play an important role in the ecosystem. They can help regulate animals' immune systems and stave off disease.
By altering animals' behavior, parasites facilitate the transition of biomass between different levels in an ecosystem.
Losing them would not only reduce the number of species on the planet, it could accelerate the loss of non-parasite species as well, according to the researchers. That could expedite the disruption of already vulnerable ecosystems, further imperiling the societies that depend upon them.
12 Real Parasites That Control the Lives of Their Hosts
Gizmodo reports on how a parasite can cause an insect to go insane and make it jump in water which will be consumed by fish. It’s a complicated and delicate world that we live in and extinction of lower life forms threatens the entire food web.
Spinochordodes tellinii is a nematomorph hairworm that infects grasshoppers and crickets. As adults, the parasitic worms live in water and form writhing masses to breed. Grasshoppers and crickets ingest the worms' microscopic larvae when they drink the infested water.
The hairworm larvae then develop inside of the insect host. Once grown, they release powerful mind-controlling chemicals that sabotage the insect's central nervous system. The evil hairworms force the insect to jump into the nearest body of water, where it subsequently drown. Yes, the hairworms actually cause their hosts to commit suicide. The parasites then escape their deceased host and the cycle begin anew.