Every nation is run by a certain ideology, or you can say a political ideology, and their social and economic sectors are highly influenced by it as well. Presently, there are 195 nations in the world, in which UN (United Nations) has recognized 193 nations in total. Almost, every nation has some kind of political structure, like — Constitutional Republic, Republic Democratic, Republic, Parliamentary republic, Federal Republic, Islamic Republic, and the Socialist Republic. It can be a possibility as well, that different parties in a single nation following different forms, for example in the United States of America, where Republicans and Democrats exist together.
Well, it is a matter of time and mandate, which political ideology rules the roost in any nation, but there is a rich history of different political parties in the world, and here, we are gonna explain them by their journey, principles, and ideologies one by one succinctly.
Democratic Party, United States — the oldest voter-based political party in the world and its heritage can be traced back to the anti-federalists of the 1790s. From two centuries of its existence, it has changed significantly in its structure and stances on different social aspects. It is known for supporting or tolerated slavery in the 19th century and for the opposition to civil reforms after the American Civil war. But later, or in the mid of 20th century, it had gone under some kind transformation in its ideology and known as a party for supporting organized labor, the civil rights of minorities, and progressive reforms. The party has registered many massive victories in the elections, the latest being is Barack Obama, who served the presidency from 2009-2017. However, the latest win has registered by the Republican Party candidate Donald Trump and become president of the United States.
Communist Party of China, China — known as founding and ruling party of People’s Republic of China and founded in 1921 by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao. As China follows Communism socialism with some exceptions of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, so the party is the single ruling dispensation in the country. Presently, it has more 85 million members, thus known as one of the largest political parties in the world. It is the only party which looks over any minor and major policy shift and controls the central, provincial, and the local bodies of lawmaking. Current, CPC is headed by the President Xi Jinping.
Conservative Party, United Kingdom — following center-right ideology and known as the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. A staunch supporter of the free market and individual achievements, they rely on these two factors for the economic prosperity. And it is because of their firm conviction; the United Kingdom is keeping a separate currency, which is pound, despite being a European Union member. Presently, the party has a total of 150000 paid-up supporters and comprised of—Voluntary Party, Parliamentary Party, and Professional Party. The conservative party is also well-known for its myriad internal factions or ideologies, such as—Liberal conservatism, Social conservatism, One-nation conservatism, Thatcherism, Traditional conservatism, Neo-conservatism, Hard Euroscepticism, Pro Europeanism, Christian democracy, Localism, and Green Conservatism; this is very unusual though.
Christian Democratic Union of Germany, Germany — a leading center-right party in German Politics and also known as Christian Democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany. Presently, the ruling dispensation is also CDU and as a leader, Angela Merkel is serving as the current Chancellor of Germany. It was established on 26 June 1945 in the wake of the need of new political order in Germany after the collapse of Nazi Dictatorship at the end of World War 2. As a conservative party, the CDU has always been taking a strong stance on giving stringent punishment for serious criminal offenses. It has laid his emphasis on curtailing the red tape and preservation of cultural traditions.
United Russia, Russia — The United Russia was established in December 2001 through a merger of the Unity Party and the Fatherland-All Russia party. However, it has no innate ideology, but in 2009, they claimed “Russian Conservatism” as their official ideology. Usually, the party appeal to non-ideological voters, thus, political scientists called it as a “party of power”, as it also embraces some specific politicians and officials. The party claimed that it had 1.98 million members, which was about 30 % of the Russian population. Incumbent chairman of United Russia is Dmitry Medvedev, who is also the prime minister of the country under the presidency of Vladimir Putin.
Bhartiya Janta Party, India — the world’s largest party in terms of primary membership and the current ruling dispensation of the world's biggest democracy. BJP’s origins lie in Bhartiya Jan Sangh formed in the 1951by Shyama Prasad Mookerjee. And after 1977 general election, after being served in the power, Janata Party dissolved in 1980 with the Jana Sangh to establish BJP. From the revolutionary movement of Ram Janma Bhoomi, it had first come into ruling dispensation through 1998 election under the collation of NDA (National Democratic Alliance). Usually, its political position in Right-wing or Majoritarianism, which has been constant since its establishment. It has strong ideological and organizational links to RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh), which is a Hindu Nationalist Group and known for selfless services to the nation.
African National Congress, South Africa — a social democratic party, which has been in the ruling dispensation in the nation since post-apartheid era. The party began with the election of Nelson Mandela in the 1994 elections. Since then, ANC has been at the helm of affairs in South Africa and currently headed by the Jacob Zuma, South African President. Founded in 1912 with a primary goal to give blacks equal participation in every social and economic institution. Until now, it has done a commendable job to ensure black inclusion in the mainstream development and enforcing RET (Radical Economic Transformation) to realize black empowerment in real means. Of late, many conspiracies to break ANC have been attempted by the white capitalist lobbies and internal witch hunts, but it survived every attack under the leadership of Jacob Zuma, who is the leader of conviction and a strong determination.