This is nephropathy not neuropathy, which we have discussed several times. It is kidney damage, with a variety of possible consequences, including a need for ACE inhibitors, dialysis or transplants. Detecting kidney disease early is thus a Big Deal for diabetics and many others. Today we look at the biochemistry of kidney damage and at developing a machine learning test to predict it.
Explainable Machine Learning-Based Prediction Model for Diabetic Nephropathy
The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of serum metabolites on diabetic nephropathy (DN) and predict the prevalence of DN through a machine learning approach. We develop a predictive model by XGB algorithm to screen for DN. C2, C5DC, Tyr, Ser, Met, C24, C4DC, and Cys have great contribution in the model and can possibly be biomarkers for DN.
This study focuses on the metabolites, where C2, C5DC, Tyr, Ser, Met, C24, C4DC, and Cys have a strong effect on DN and can be used as new biomarkers for DN.
- A previous study confirmed the association between low tyrosine concentrations and diabetic nephropathy.
- Methionine and other methyl donors improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in the offspring of high-fat diet mice. There is growing evidence that methionine activates AMPK and SIPT1 by a mechanism similar to that of metformin.
- Elevated serum glycine levels were found to be associated with a reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
- Homocysteine, a precursor substance of cysteine, is considered a biomarker for microvascular diseases including diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy-like diseases.
- A study of 2103 individuals aged 50-70 years with type 2 diabetes as the observed outcome found higher plasma concentrations of short-, medium-, and long-chain acylcarnitines at baseline, but only long-chain acylcarnitines were significantly associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes.
This paper introduces serum metabolites as new DN markers, constructs several machine learning models to screen for DN, compares their screening abilities, and analyzes the impact of each important feature on DN. The results show that the XGB model has the best screening effect, and LASSO model plays a key role in ensuring the accuracy and stability of the screening model, which improves the quality of the dataset. In addition, compared with previous studies, our model has better results.This
Background
Diabetes - A Major Risk Factor for Kidney Disease
With diabetes, the small blood vessels in the body are injured. When the blood vessels in the kidneys are injured, your kidneys cannot clean your blood properly. Your body will retain more water and salt than it should, which can result in weight gain and ankle swelling. You may have protein in your urine. Also, waste materials will build up in your blood.
Diabetes also may cause damage to nerves in your body. This can cause difficulty in emptying your bladder. The pressure resulting from your full bladder can back up and injure the kidneys. Also, if urine remains in your bladder for a long time, you can develop an infection from the rapid growth of bacteria in the urine that has a high sugar level.
About 30 percent of patients with Type 1 (juvenile-onset) diabetes and 10 to 40 percent of those with Type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes eventually will suffer from kidney failure.
Preventing Diabetic Kidney Disease: 10 Answers to Questions
In the early stages, there may not be any symptoms. As kidney function decreases further, toxic wastes build up, and patients often feel sick to their stomachs and throw up, lose their appetites, have hiccups and gain weight due to fluid retention. If left untreated, patients can also develop heart failure and fluid in their lungs.
Almost all patients with Type I diabetes develop some evidence of functional change in the kidneys within two to five years of the diagnosis. About 30 to 40 percent progress to more serious kidney disease, usually within about 10 to 30 years.
About 30 percent of the people with Type I diabetes and about 10 to 40 percent of the people with Type II diabetes will eventually develop end-stage kidney failure, requiring treatment to maintain life.
Diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease)
In the early stages of diabetic nephropathy, there might not be symptoms. In later stages, symptoms may include:
- High blood pressure that gets harder to control.
- Swelling of feet, ankles, hands or eyes.
- Foamy urine.
- Confusion or difficulty thinking.
- Shortness of breath.
- Loss of appetite.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Itching.
- Tiredness and weakness.