The MFP question is how sovereignty is derived, from birth, location, or belief.
The sovereign citizen movement (also SovCit movement or SovCits)[1] is a loose group of anti-government activists, litigants, tax protesters, financial scammers, and conspiracy theorists based mainly in the United States. Sovereign citizens have their own pseudolegal belief system based on misinterpretations of common law and claim to not be subject to any government statutes unless they consent to them.[2][3] The movement appeared in the United States in the early 1970s and has since expanded to other countries; the similar freeman on the land movement emerged during the 2000s in Canada before spreading to other Commonwealth countries.[4] The FBI describes sovereign citizens as "anti-government extremists who believe that even though they physically reside in this country, they are separate or 'sovereign' from the United States".[5]
The sovereign citizen phenomenon is one of the main contemporary sources of pseudolaw. Sovereign citizens believe that courts have no jurisdiction over people and that the use of certain procedures (such as writing specific phrases on bills they do not want to pay) and loopholes can make one immune to government laws and regulations.[6] They also regard most forms of taxation as illegitimate and reject Social Security numbers, driver's licenses, and vehicle registration.[7] Sovereign citizen arguments have no basis in law and have never been successful in any court.[3][6]
American pseudolaw became well-established by 2000. Notably, the strawman theory was conceived around that time by Roger Elvick: it became a core sovereign citizen concept, as it gave an overarching explanation to the movement's pseudolegal beliefs.[6]
The strawman theory (also called the strawman illusion) is a pseudolegal conspiracy theory originating in the redemption/A4V movement and prevalent in antigovernment and tax protester movements such as sovereign citizens and freemen on the land. The theory holds that an individual has two personas, one of flesh and blood and the other a separate legal personality (i.e., the "strawman") and that one's legal responsibilities belong to the strawman rather than the physical individual.[1]
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the spread of the movement in the United States and in other countries, as sovereign citizens have been associated with the broader anti-mask and anti-vaccine movements and taken part in protests against COVID restrictions.[42][43][44] An increasing trend of sovereign citizens has notably been observed in Australia and in the United Kingdom during the pandemic.[44][45][46] Several COVID-related incidents involving local sovereign citizens who refused to follow sanitary measures were also reported in Singapore.[47][48] In June 2022, Christine Sarteschi reported that the movement was rapidly expanding and could now be found in 26 countries.[49]
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Not all members of the movement describe themselves as "sovereign citizens", and some movement members actually regard the term "sovereign citizen" as an oxymoron.[30] Sovereign citizens may prefer to label themselves as "state nationals",[55] "constitutionalists", "freemen",[56] "natural people", "living people",[1] "private persons",[57] or as people "seeking the truth"[58] or "living on the land".[57] The name "American State National"[40] (ASN) became popular among sovereign citizens in the early 2020s, especially among followers of the far-right QAnon conspiracy theory.[59]
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